exam 2 - upper limb

What kind of limb is the upper limb?

Non propulsive appendage

How mobile is the upper limb?

Very mobile

How stable is the upper limb?

It is less stable since it is more mobile

Why is the upper limb more prone to injury?

Because it is very mobile and less stable

What is the only bony attachment to the axial attachment (trunk)?

Clavicle

What are the regions of the upper arm?

• shoulder

• Axilla (armpit)

• Brachium (arm)

• Cubital (elbow)

• Antibrachium (forearm)

• Carpal (wrist)

• Malleus (hand)

What are the boundaries of the shoulder?

Neck —> arm

What are the bones of the shoulder?

Pectoral girdle = clavicle, scapula

What are the boundaries of the brachium?

Shoulder —> elbow

What are the bones of the brachium?

Humerus

What are the boundaries of the antibrachium?

Elbow —> wrist

What are the bones of the antibrachium?

Radius + ulna

What are the bones of the carpals?

• scaphoid

• Lunate

• Triquetron

• Pisiform

• Trapezium

• Trapezoid

• Capitate

• Hamate

What are the boundaries of the hand?

Wrist —> end of limb

What are the bones of the hand?

Metacarpals + phalanges

What are the bones of the shoulder?

• clavicle

• Scapula

• Humerus

What shape does the clavicle look like?

An S

What part of the pelvic girdle does the clavicle make up?

Anterior part

What does the clavicle articulate with?

• manubrium of sternum (medially)

• Aeromion of scapula (laterally)

What is the strut of the clavicle?

Clavicle projects upper limb laterally + holds humerus + scapula away from trunk

What is the function of the strut of the clavicle?

Increase the range of motion of the arm

What part of the pectoral girdle does the scapula sit in?

Posterior portion

Where does the scapula over lie?

2-7 ribs

Where do most muscles attach to the shoulder?

At the scapula

What is the scapula apart of?

The true shoulder joint

What is the humerus apart of?

The true shoulder joint

What is the most commonly broken bone in the body?

Clavicle

Where does the humerus fracture at?

Proximal humerus = surgical neck

How can you break the humerus?

By falling on outstretched arms

What can a broken humerus all damage?

The artery, vein, and nerve in the axilla

How does the shoulder move the arm?

Moves the whole upper limb together

What movements does the shoulder allow?

• flexion (forward) + extension (backward)

• Abduction + adduction

• Rotation (medial + lateral)

What are the joints of the shoulder?

• sternoclavicular

• Acromioclavicular

• Scapulothoracic

• Glenonumeral

Where does the sternoclavicular run?

Sternal end of clavicle —> manubrium of sternum

What type of joint is the stenoclavicular?

Synovial

What does the sternoclavicular allow?

Elevation + rotate clavicle w/ limb movement

How strong is the sternoclavicular joint?

Extremely strong

How does the sternoclavicular joint apply clinically wise since it is extremely strong?

Rarely dislocated ( you’d break it before you dislocate it)

What the second joint of the shoulder?

Acromioclavicular

Where does the Acromioclavicular joint run?

From the acromion of scapula —> acrromial end of clavicle

What type joint is the Acromioclavicular joint?

Synovial

What is the Acromioclavicular joint strengthen by?

Many ligaments

What is the main ligament that strengths the Acromioclavicular ligament?

Coracoclavicular ligament

Where does the carcoclavicular ligament provide stability?

B/w clavicle and scapula

How does the coracoclavicular ligament tear?

By falling on shoulder

What is called when you tear your coracoclavicular ligament?

Shoulder separation

What is the third joint in the shoulder?

Scapulothoracic

What type of joint is the Scapulothoracic joint?

It is not a true joint

What is the Scapulothoracic joint classified as?

Floating joint

What two muscles does the Scapulothoracic joint glide across?

Supseapulevis

Serratus anterior

What movements does the Scapulothoracic joint allow?

Allows elevation, depression, abduction, adduction, and rotation of the scapula

What is the fourth joint of the shoulder?

Glenonumeral

What is the true shoulder joint?

Glenonumeral joint

What type(s) of joint is the Glenonumeral joint?

• synovial

• Ball and socket

Where does the Glenonumeral joint run?

Runs from the glenoid fossa —> meets with head of humerus

How much of the humerus head sits in the glenoid cavity?

1/3

What is the glenoid labrum?

Rim of cartilage to deepen glenoid cavity

What is the Glenonumeral joint capsule surrounded by?

Muscles and ligaments

What muscles surround the Glenonumeral joint capsule?

Rotator cuff muscles = add strength and stability to the joint

What is the role of ligaments in the Glenonumeral joint capsule?

Keep everything in place

What are the major groups of muscles in the shoulder?

• axiohumeral

• Axioscapular

• Scapulahumeral

What are the muscles in the axiohumeral region of the shoulder?

• pectoralis major

• Lattissimus dorsi

Where does the axiohumeral muscles run from?

Axial skeleton —> humerus

What is the first muscle in the axiohumeral muscles?

Pectoralis major

What is the origin point of the pectoralis major?

Sternum + clavicle

What is the insertion point of the pectoralis major?

Greater tubercle of humerus

What is the nerve that supplies the pectoralis major?

Medial and lateral pectoral nerve

What is the action of the pectoralis major?

• adducts arm

• Medial rotation

What is the action of the sternal portion only of the pectoralis major?

Extension of flexed arm

What is the action of the clavicular portion only of the pectoralis major?

Flexion of extended arm

Where is the latissimus dorsi located?

Muscle belly on the posterior thorax

What is the origin point of the latissimus dorsi?

Lumbosacral fascia + iliac crest

What is the nerve that supplies the latissimus dorsi?

Thoracodorsi nerve

What is the action of the latissimus dorsi?

Adduct arm

Medial rotation

Extension of arm

What is the second main compartment of the shoulder muscles?

Axioscapular

Where do the Axioscapular muscles run from?

Axial skeleton —> scapula

What are the muscles in the Axioscapular region?

Pectoralis minor

Trapezius

Levator scapulae

Rhomboids

Serratus anterior

What is the first muscle in the Axioscapular region?

Pectoralis minor

What is the origin point of the pectoralis minor?

Ribs

What is the insertion point of the pectoralis minor?

Coracoid process

What nerve supplies the pectorlis minor?

Medial pectoral nerve

What is the action of the pectoralis minor?

Elevate ribs

• if scapula is stabilized

What is the second muscle of the Axioscapular region?

Trapezius

What is the origin of the trapezius?

Skull - T12

What is the insertion point of the trapezius?

Scapula + clavicle

What is the nerve that supplies the trapezius?

Accessory nerve

What is the action of the trapezius?

Adduction, elevation, rotation

• for scapula

What is the third muscle of the Axioscapular region?

Levator scapulae

What is the origin point of the Levator scapulae?

C1-C4

What is the insertion point of the Levator scapulae?

Superior angle of scapula

What is the nerve that supplies the Levator scapulae?

Dorsal scapular nerve

What is the action of the Levator scapulae?

• elevate scapula

• Downward rotation of scapula

What is the fourth muscle of the Axioscapular region?

Rhomboids

What are the two parts of the rhomboid?

Major and minor

What is the origin point of the rhomboid?

C6-T4

What is the insertion point of the rhomboid?

Medial border of the scapula

What is the action of the rhomboids?

Adduction + retraction

• of scapula

What is the fifth muscle of the Axioscapular region?

Serratus anterior

What is the origin point of the Serratus anterior?

Upper 9 ribs

What is the insertion point of the Serratus anterior?

Medial border of scapula