Antibioitics and resistance spreading of antibiotic resistance and virulence factors

What are six major bacterial targets of common antibiotics?

• cell wall synthesis

• antimetabolites

• DNA replication

• RNA synthesis

• protein synthesis

Anitmetabolites like _________ prevent the use of ____________ as precursor material for important metabolic pathways

• sulfonamdies

• PABA

bacteria have adapted to work around sulfonamide so now we use it in combination with __________

Trimethoprim

what 2 drugs inhibit cell wall synthesis through inhibition of ____________

• penicillin

• cephalosporin

• d alanine cross bridge

________ blocks gram negative outer membrane function

polymyxin

_________ inhibits the synthesis of mycolic acids

isoniazid

What antibiotics inhibit protein synthesis

• aminoglycosides

• tetracyclines

• chloramphenicol

• erythromycins

Antibiotic action to prevent protein synthesis is when the drug binds to the ___________ and prevents peptide elongation

ribosomal subunits

what antibiotics inhibit nucleic acid synthesis

• quinolones

• rifampin

Quinolones specifically inhibits __________while rifampin inhibits ____________

• DNA gyrase

• DNA dependent RNA polymerase

what are five well-known mechanisms of bacteria antibiotic resistance

• cleave or modify antibiotics

• denied access

• pumping out antibiotic

• altered target site

• production of alternative target

How antibiotic resistance and virulence factors spread among bacteria?

• dynamic genome mutation

• horizontal gene transfer

___________ increases the mutation rate and can be broken down into what 2 categories

• mutagens

• physical mutagen

• chemical mutagen

What is the medical imnportance of gene transfer

• spread of antibiotic resistance

• toxins and virulence factors encode in plasmids and phages

What are the 3 mechanisms of gene transfer

• transformation

• conjugation

• transduction

__________ is when naked DNA is up taken by bacteria and incorporated into the bacterial DNA

transformation

What determines the efficiency of DNA uptake

• size

• concentration

• competence

________ is where cell to cell contact is made and transfer of genetic material is done through a __________

• conjugation

• plasmid

_________ is a double stranded circular DNA capable of autonomous replication

plasmid

what is the 5 steps of fertility factor transfer

1. breakage

2. unwinding

3. entry

4. replication

5. separation

What 2 steps of fertility factor transfer occur at the same time

• unwinding

• replication

at the end of f mediated conjugation both bacterial cells become __________

donors

What is an R factor?

a plasmid made up of R determinants and RTF

a plasmid segment that carry’s the genes which provide resistances is known as what?

R determinants

the portion of the R factor which carries the genes for plasmid transfer is known as ________

RTF

__________ is the transfer of DNA from donor to recipient through a bacterial virus

Transduction

what type of phage cannot perform transduction

Lytic phage

During the __________ bacterial DNA can be mistakenly picked up

lysogenic cycle

____________ causes a gamma type prophage to integrate and results in ____________ of dna near

• specialized transduction

• aberrant excision

________ results from a packaging error during maturation and involves a P1 type phage

generalized transduction

specialized transduction picks up bacterial genes ________ from its site while generalized transduction can pick up ___ genes

• adjacent

• any