med term - mine

sac made up of connective tissue that is not actually considered part of the heart that surrounds the heart, containing it in fluid

pericardium

the outermost layer of the heart; the heart’s surface

epicardium

the middle layer of the heart; made up of muscle, very thick

myocardium

the inner layer of the heart; smooth, made up of endothelium

endocardium

another term for the atria

auricles

what substance, which surrounds the heart, provides it with cushioning against the thoracic cavity

fat

NSR

normal sinus rhythm

what does the “lub” sound of the heart mark

atrioventricular valves close

what does the “dub” sound of the heart mark

semilunar valves close

the two atrioventricular (AV) valves are the

tricuspid, mitral

the two semilunar valves are the

pulmonary, aortic

medical term for the contraction of the heart

systole

medical term for the relaxation of the heart

diastole

the strong, fibrous “strings” in the heart that stop valves from prolapsing, thereby stopping blood from regurgitating back into the chamber that it was just in

chordae tendineae

formula for cardiac output

stroke volume times heart rate

term that describes the heart’s intrinsic ability to spontaneously generate electrical impulses without needing an outside signal from the nervous system

automaticity

SA node full form

sinoatrial node

the SA node is known as the _____ of the heart

natural pacemaker

AV node full form

atrioventricular node

the AV bundle is also known as the

Bundle of His

in a normal ECG, what does the P wave represent

atrial depolarization

in a normal ECG, what does the QRS complex represent

ventricular depolarization

in a normal ECG, what does the T wave represent

ventricular repolarization

what is this ECG rhythm (no consistent pattern to atrial activity, no discernible P waves present)

atrial fibrillation

MI

myocardial infarction

chest pain caused by poor coronary artery perfusion is known as

angina pectoris

two routes of administration for nitroglycerin mentioned in lecture

sublingual, intranasal

an inflammation or infection of the pericardium

pericarditis

the buildup of fatty plaque in the arteries that supply myocardial tissue with oxygen-rich blood

coronary artery disease

CAD

coronary artery disease

an abnormal heart sound caused by one or more heart valves not working properly, allowing blood to regurgitate back into chambers

murmur

MVP

mitral valve prolapse

a condition where a patient’s blood pressure elevates when they find themselves in a doctor’s office or other clinical setting as a result of stress or anxiety

white coat syndrome

blood pressure should be checked

bilaterally

which arm should you perform a blood pressure check on first

left

typical cardiac output

5-6 L/min

normal stroke volume

70 mL

the size threshold for an aortic aneurysm for surgical treatment as per lecture

5-5.4 cm

in an aneurysm, the wall of an artery _____

balloons

AAA “triple A”

abdominal aortic aneurysm

in the brain, a ruptured aneurysm can cause a

hemorrhagic stroke

TEE

transesophageal echocardiogram

a blood clot that attaches itself to the wall of a blood vessel or chamber of the heart without completely blocking the lumen

mural thrombus

the initial and most common diagnostic procedure performed to find a mural thrombus

transesophageal echocardiogram

as per lecture, atrial quivering can reach a what pace during A-fib

350 bpm

SVT

supraventricular tachycardia

what is this abnormal heart rhythm (abnormal atrial electrical activity but with a distinct and consistent pattern, consistent R-R intervals)

atrial flutter

MAT

multifocal atrial tachycardia

drug mentioned in lecture that can help bring down a patient’s blood pressure, acts as an alpha-2 andrenergic agonist

clonidine

cost of an ambulance one way

$1200-$1500

what is Medicare Part A

hospital insurance

what is Medicare Part B

medical insurance

what is Medicare Part C

Medicare Advantage

what is Medicare Part D

prescription drug coverage

LAD

left anterior descending

the largest coronary artery of the heart

left anterior descending artery

a “Widow maker” heart attack invovles the occlusion of what coronary artery

left anterior descending artery

for patients suffering with mitral valve prolapse, what must be administered prophylactically before dental work is done on the patient

antibiotics

dental plaque converts to what substance after 1 to 3 days of not being removed

tartar

who is considered the “father” of aseptic technique and modern surgical practices

Joseph Lister

medical term for bad breath

halitosis

what present-day brand is named for Joseph Lister

Listerine

a machine used to sterilize medical and dental instruments

autoclave

a week-long ICU stay in the United States costs around (as per lecture)

$300,000

as per lecture, the distribution of sterile needles to IV drug abusers in the community health setting led to a decrease in cases of what condition

bacterial endocarditis

the SA node fires at what rate

60-80 bpm

the AV node fires at what rate

40-60 bpm

a standard EKG has how many leads

12

normal QRS complex duration

0.06-0.1 seconds

a QRS complex duration exceeding 0.12 seconds indicates what condition of the heart

bundle branch block

BBB

bundle branch block

innermost layer of a blood vessel’s wall that is constantly in direct contact with blood

tunica intima

the middle layer of a blood vessel’s wall

tunica media

the outermost layer of a blood vessel’s wall

tunica externa

brownish discoloration of a patient’s lower appendages indicates what condition of the veins

venous insufficiency

signs of metabolic syndrome

hypertension, truncal obesity

which kidney sits higher in the abdomen

left

three solid components (formed elements) of blood

erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes

what two formed elements make up the white buffy coat when blood is centrifuged

leukocytes, thrombocytes

what percent of total body weight is blood

8

Hgb

hemoglobin

hgb threshold for blood transfusions (a value that, as per lecture, continues to drop as blood becomes scarcer)

7 g/dL

lethargy, shortness of breath, tachycardia, and low blood pressure are all signs of a

low erythrocyte count

SOB

shortness of breath

all types of blood cells start as

hemocytoblasts

what color blood test tube contains no anticoagulants so that serum may be separated through centrifugation

red

what color blood test tube contains an anticoagulant called EDTA is used to obtain a complete blood count, and can additionally be used to check Hgb A1C, ESR, blood smears, blood typing, and DNA testing

purple

what color blood test tube contains sodium citrate, a reverse-anticoagulant, so that tests such as PT and PTT can be performed in the lab

blue

what is the shape of erythrocytes called, which gives them a greater surface area, allowing them to hold on to more oxygen

biconcave

erythrocytes lack what cellular structure that most other cells of the body have, allowing them to carry more oxygen

nucleus

what is hemoglobin known as when it carries oxygen molecules after leaving the lungs

oxyhemoglobin

what is hemoglobin known as when it releases its oxygen molecules to tissues

deoxyhemoglobin

typical erythrocyte count of an adult male per mm³ of blood

4.6-6.2 million

typical erythrocyte count of an adult female per mm³ of blood

4.2-5.4 million

the first erythrocytes ever made in the body during embryonic development are formed in what structure

yolk sac

what type of feedback loop is erythropoiesis

negative

the process by which the body makes new red blood cells

erythropoiesis

erythrocytes live for roughly how many days

120

the hormone produced in the kidneys that stimulates the production of more erythrocytes

erythropoietin

a hemoglobin A1c measures a patient’s average blood glucose over the last

120 days