Law enforcement

Borh

Earlest known system in England. Responsibile for policing and security. Group of 12 individuals, membership was voluntary. if a member committed a crime, the others would hunt him down and serve him Justice- generally In forms of financial Restitution.

Frankpledge

Replaced the Borh system. boys and men above the age of 12. Go into groups of 10 households (or tithing/tything). Mandatory. Men in the group are responsiblie for everone else.

Tything/tithing

Households. in the frankpledge

Hundred

10 tythings groups to gather into a collective for police and security purposes. Supervised by a leader (Hundredman). dealt with more serious crimes.

Parish constable

policing agent operated in smaller towns. unarmed, unpaid, part-time. intially elected by Parishioners, but in 1617 was appointed by the local Justice of the peace.

Shire Reeves

counties, name before sheriffs. appointed by the crown or local landowners. Ensure orderly conduct, and to supervise territories.

Watchmen

protect property in larger communities. bigger towns. Patrolled at night, not respected, cant go after year, they watch and report back to the constables.

Thief takers

hired by victims to capture offenders for a bounty (payment). Often corrupt.

Sheriffs

early policing agents. pursue and apprehend criminals at great personal expense.

Metro police act

introduced by Sir Robert Peel. Established london’s Metro Police, beginning of modern public policing

Bobbies

Officers replaced existing and corrupt system. also called Peelers. initially plaqued with corruption and bribery. 1st years 1/3 were let go.

Peelian Principles

trying to establish public order. publicly approved.

Colonial American and policing

Resembled English System. Sheriffs and constables. held by large landowners to protect their own land-gonna cause problems.

Colonial sheriffs

Carch criminals, subpoenas, elections, religious nonconformists, TAXES- these are everything they are responsible for. Led to corruption, paid based on taskes performed.

Nightwatch

Like Watchmen, had sheriffs with them. established in Boston, responsiblities: patrol, maintain street lamps, call the hour, weather reports, hue and cry (emergency alerts).

Vigilantes

self appointed distributors of Justice according to their own rules.

Slave patrol

Orginated in 1704, in South Carolina, groups of 3 to 6 white men, whose purpose was to regulate the behaviors of slaves and to hunt down and punish escaped slaves. Like todays police officers.

Fugitive slave law of 1850

A law passed by the U.S. congress that addressed fears of a “Slave Power Conspiracy” as the number of slaves grew, Created the need for slave patrols.

August Vollmar

Fatherr of American polcing. Elected town Marshell of Berekely, CA, in 1905. Argued for the use of science, tech, Education, and professionalism. code of ethics-treating people with care. made officers having to have a 4 year degree to work.

Third degree

method that included brutalizing individuals to gather info. Vollmar outlawed

Brown VS. Mississippi (1936)

confessions obtained through use of physical force violate due process

International Association of chiefs of police (IACP)

Vollmar president in 1921, established: national fingerprint system and collection of crime data.

Technology- That vollmar was directly responsible for

electronic flashing alarms, police radios, patrols on bikes (later motorcycles and cars) Modus operandi, scientific analyisis of evidence (blood, fibers, soil), screenings to prevent psychologically unstable individuals from becoming officers, lie detector- type instruments.

Modus operandi

system to classify offenders and crimes which facilitaded the identification of crime patterns.

Civil rights movement

clashes between the police and protestors. excessive use of force.

Civil rights act of 1964

outlawed discrimination

Voting rights act of 1965

ended literacy tests. Federal oversight of problem jurisdictions. States needed permissions from the federal government to change their voting laws for African Americans.

Literacy tests

tests used to deny African Americans the right to vote

Canine officers

canines in law enforcement began in Belgium, 1907- 1st documented police dog program in US, effective non lethal option, now has a positive public statement,. Were used as exesive force against protestors during the civil rights.

Canines used to search and detect:

bombs, drugs, and human remains

Policing as more than law enforcement

renewed call for police to be connected to the community, following the unrest of the 60s and 70s, policing was calmer by comparison,- development/ creation of police unions.

Rotten apple theory

the idea that corruption in most police departments can be traced to just a few officers- was dismissed by Knapp commissions

Grass-eaters

identified by the Knapp commissions, officers who acted as passive participants when others were engaging in bribery and corruption

meat-eaters

officers who actively engaged in corrupt actives Knapp Commisions.

Discretion

allows police and others throughout the system to make an arrest (or other actions like writing a ticket) or not

patrol

repsonsable for preventing crime, apprehending suspects and assisting community members

Reactive policing

responding to calls for service

proactive policing

self-initated officer activies to prevent and detect crime

Patrol duties

maintain presence and order, i’d and apprehend suspects, direct traffic and issue tickets, secure scenes.

Investigations

detectives and higher ranking officers, includes:homicide, vice, narcotics, sex crimes, cybercrimes, may involve undercover work

Becoming a cop

HS education, background check and polygraph, written oral and physical tests, medical and drug screenings, psych eval. if selected, academy then field training.

command

chief of police-top officer- negotiation and intervening in difficult situations with politicians, citizens and police force.

Community policing

PROCTIVE measures and community collaboration. majority of departments use some form. more emphasis on victim.

working with victims

agencies recognize that having officers responding to and supporting victims is not on the the right thing to do but also serves to reduce future crime and victimization.

3 key components of community policing

Partnerships:collaborative efforts to solve problems and increase trust in police

Organization transformation: requires structure of management, personal, and info systems that support the community partners and proactive initiatives.

Problem solving: promotes systematic examinations of crime related issues to provide for effective responses.

Police culture-Stress

HIgh risk for blood pressure, heart problems, PTSD, and suicide. Associated problems: divorce, drug use and alcoholism.

Aspects of policing subculture

Secrecy, group solidarity, violence, cynicism, masculinity, isolation, and authoritarianism. One common way is Blue wall of Silence

Blue wall of silence

Where officers do not report the misconduct of fellow officers, often to protect each other from consequences. It is an unwritten cultural norm within law enforcement.

early research (on motivation to becoming a cop)

authoritarian personalities. desire for power and control

recent research on motivation for becoming an officer

job security, opportunity to help others, importance of the work, dissatisfied with policy'/ procedure and lack of advancement

Police culture: gender

Emphasis Hyper masculinity, female officers represent less than 20% of cops (stereotypes and marginalization) perceived gender differences: physical tests (early height and weight requirements took a lot of females out of the picture) and psych evals.

research shows female officers use more communication while male officers use more force. more female officers in force reduce the risk of incidents of sexual harassment and discrimination

police culture: race and ethnicity

minorites (Hispanic or Latinx, black, latin) reported as officers remain low

Black female officers face more challenges with both groups

Problem-oriented policing (pop)

data analysis and assessment

uses SARA model: Scan, Analyze, Respond, assess

Sara model

Scan: identify and prioritize problems

Analyze: research the problem

Respond: develop long-lasting solutions

Asses: evaluate success of the responses

Routine activity theory

risk of crime increases when motivated offender(s), suitable target(s), and the absence of a capable guardian(s) (someone who can provide protection, like a friend, family member, neighbor, law enforcement officer) meet together at a single point in time

Crime triangle

strategy that focuses on immediate concerns present in nature in order to confront difficult issues

broken windows theory

describes the social disorder that occurs in run-down and neglected neighborhoods that leads to higher crime rates

hot spots

locations identified as “high crime” areas.

More patrols in hot spots, may lead to displacment of the problem

zero tolerance

policing approach that targets disorder and minor crime in hot spots,

No patnerships between police and community, IE officers issues tickets and make arrests for stuff like Jay walking, loitering, prostitution, panhandling,

basically, stuff that would normally NOT get you in trouble anywhere else!