Upper Extremity Functional Anatomy

lattisiumus dorsi (scapula)

stabilizes scapula

levator scapulae (scapula)

elevate and downwardly rotate scapula

rhomboid major and minor (scapula)

retraction of scapula

serrates anterior (scapula)

protracts scapula and keeps wings flat on the thorax

Upper Trapezius (scapula)

elevation and upward rotation of scapula

Middle Trapezius (scapula)

retraction of scapula

Lower Trapezius (scapula)

depression and upward rotation of scapula

Pectoralis Major and Minor (scapula)

protraction and depression of scapula

biceps brachii (humerus)

flexion of the shoulder

coracobrachialis (humerus)

flexion and adduction of shoulder

deltoid (humerus)

anterior: flexion

middle: abduction

posterior: extension

infraspinatus (humerus)

external rotation of shoulder

latissimus dorsi (humerus)

adduction, flexion, and internal rotation of shoulder

pectorals major (humerus)

horizontal abd./add., internal rotation and flexion/extension of shoulder

subscapularis (humerus)

internal rotation of shoulder

surpaspinatus (humerus)

internal rotation of shoulder

Teres Major (humerus)

adduction, internal rotation, and flexion of shoulder

Teres MInor (humerus)

external rotation of shoulder

Triceps Brachii

extension of shoulder

angle of inclination

relationship between the humerus and the humeral head in the frontal plane (130-180^o)

angle of torsion

relationship between shaft of the humerus and humeral head

scapulohumeral rhythm

relationship between scapular muscles and associate joints is critical; movement of scapula relative to humerus

bones of the shoulder

scapula, clavicle, sternum, and humerus

joints of the shoulder

sternocalcivular (elevation/depression, protraction/retraction, and axial rotation)

acromioclavicular (int./ext. rotation, up/downward rotation, and ant./post. scapular tipping)

glenohumeral (flexion/extension, abd./add., int./ext. rotation, horizontal abd./add., circumduction, and elevation)

scapulothoracic articulation (not a true joint: scapular elevation/depression, protraction/retraction, and up/downward rotation)

What is the common MOI for the shoulder?

FOOSH ~ falling on out stretched hand

humeroulnar joint (elbow)

modified hinge joint with one degree freedom of movement: flexion/extension

humeroradial joint (elbow)

modified hinge joint with two degrees freedom of movement: flexion/extension, pronation/supination

proximal and distal radioulnar joint (elbow)

1 degree of freedom: pronation/supination

ulnar collateral ligament

medial; protects against valgus force/stress on the medial side. has 3 section: anterior, posterior, and transverse bundle

radial collateral ligament

thickened area in joint capsule, resist varus stress on the lateral side, and maintains relationship of articulating surfaces of humerus and radius

annular ligament

encircle radial head, premits int./ext. rotation and prevents radius from sliding distally

interosseous membrane

dense fibrous tissue that helps keep radius and ulna together

subcutaneous olecranon bursae

between olecranon process and skin; susceptible to trauma (direct blow)

subtendinous olecranon bursa

between triceps tendon and olecranon, inflammation secondary to repetitive stress

aconeus (elbow & forearm)

extension

brachioradialis (elbow & forearm)

flexion when elbow in neutral position

extensor digitorium (elbow & forearm)

extends digits 2-5 & wrist

flexor digitorum (elbow & forearm)

flexes wrist and fingers

pronator teres (elbow & forearm)

pronation

biceps brachii (elbow & forearm)

flexion of elbow & supination

extensor carpi radialis (elbow & forearm)

extension of wrist and abduction

flexor carpi radialis (elbow & forearm)

flex wrist and radial deviation

palmaris longus (elbow & forearm)

weak wrist flexor

supinator (elbow & forearm)

supination

brachialis (elbow & forearm)

flexion (work horse)

extensor carpi ulnaris (elbow & forearm)

extension & ulnar deviation

flexor carpi ulnaris (elbow & forearm)

flex wrist and ulnar deviation

pronator quadratus (elbow & forearm)

pronation

triceps brachii (elbow & forearm)

extension