Cellular and Molecular Biology

1-34

Which types of organism have a cell wall?

Plant + fungi - always

Bacteria + archaea - usually

Protist - sometimes

Animal - never

What are the approximate proportions of alpha to beta glucose?

34% alpha, 64% beta

What type of glucose is glycogen made of?

alpha-glucose

Where is glycogen found?

animals, fungi, bacteria

What type of glucose is cellulose made of?

beta-glucose

Where is cellulose found?

plants, algae

Aliphatic =

an organic compound made up of only C and H in a chain or ring structure

What is the free amino acid at the end of a polypeptide called?

N-terminus

What is the free carboxyl group at the end of a polypeptide called?

C-terminus

In what direction is a polypeptide read?

N-terminus to C-terminus

in what direction are polynucleotides read?

5’ to 3’

What was the Linnaean view of classification?

a hierarchal classification system designed to reveal the ordered structure of gods creation

Homology =

similarity of a trait due to a shared ancestor

How is a phylogenetic tree read?

from its nodes

Clade =

an ancestor and all its derivatives

Cladistics =

a method of biological classification that groups organisms into categories

Apomorphy =

a derived trait (evolved from an ancestor)

Synapomorphy =

a derived trait shared by two or more taxonomic groups inherited from their most recent common ancestor

Autoapomorphy =

a derived trait unique to a single taxonomic group

Plesiomorphy =

an ancestral evolutional trait (inherited directly from an ancestor)

LUCA =

last universal common ancestor

inductive reasoning =

theory derived from found fact

Newtons formula for gravity:

F = Gm₁m₂ / r²

General relativity =

the theory of the universe (Einsteins geometric theory of gravitation)

What the difference between mythos and logos?

mythos - stories of greek gods and heros

logos - rational philosophy and logic

Describe Occams razor:

for any set of observations with multiple potential explanations start with the simplest explanation consistent with all the data

What is the difference between micro and macro evolution?

micro - a change in allele frequency in a population of a species over a time

macro - change at or above the level of the species

Genetic drift =

change in allele frequencies in a population caused by chance events, often having a stronger effect in small populations

Gene flow =

the movement of alleles between previously isolated populations

Whats the difference between homozygous and heterozygous genes

Homozygous - two identical alleles

Heterozygous - two different alleles

Auxotroph =

a mutant that requires s particular additional nutrient (lost the ability to make its own)

Which bases are purines?

Adenine and Guanine

Which bases are pyrimidines?

Cytosine, Thymine and Uracil

What were the 3 potential models of DNA replication?

semi-conservative, conservative, dispersive

What is pyrophosphate

diphosphate

What are Okazaki fragments?

short single strands of DNA synthesised discontinuously on the lagging strand

Which DNA strand is the sense strand?

the non-template strand

Which DNA strand is the anti-sense strand?

the template strand

What does rho protein do?

terminates transcription in bacteria

What base sequence acts as a promoter in bacteria?

TATA box (or DPE)

What base sequences act as regulatory elements in bacteria?

CAAT box and GC box