disease and society

disease taxonomy

the study of how diseases are classified, in a way that ensures people are refering to the same disease

international classification of diseases ICD

provides standardized labels for diseases and conditions

how is icd organized

by bosy system with additional detain of disease and cause

where can icd codes be found

medical records and on death certificates

who maintains icd

who

uses of ICD

can track morbidity and mortality, surveillance data

what can surveillance data help with?

identify where prevalent, changes over time, and direct prevention and research resources

depending on trends oublic health agencies may

issue public health alerts, update clinical guidance, support hospitals, increase surveillance

medical coders

extract billable info and translate it into cofes for records and billing

classifying dieases by body system catagories

muscular, digestive, urinary, reproductive, circulatory, endocrince, lymphatic, respiratory, skeletal

etiology

classifying diseases by cause

classifying diseases by cause catagories

infectious diseases, genetic, enviornmental

infectious diseases

causes by infectious agents, bacteria fungi viruses, and parasites some involve more than one contributing cause

genetic diseases

causes by change in genetic material that can lead to faulty protiens of protien function

enviornmental

result of too much of a harmful exposure or too little of something essential

disease cuases and risk factors

nutritional deficiency disease, food insecurity

classification by cause

example covid 19 as an infectiou disease, depends on disease and question being asked

classification by mortality

can reveal differance in their overall impact, people worry more about new or unfamilliar threats than persistant risks around them, catagories may affect how statistics are interpreted

excess mortality

refers to deaths above an expected baseline

what trends do we see ine xcess mortality graphs

deaths fluctuate seasonally, high during winter, yellow line serves as threshhold deaths above line may signal a cause for alarm, how data is graphed can skew perception

measuring disease impact

case fatality rate, prevalance,incidence and morbidity

case fatality rate

also calles case fatality ratio, it is the proportion of identified cases that result in death, depends on age, demographics and access to health care, can be overestimated when cases are diagnoses

morbidity

how many people are affected by a disease

prevalance

counts all existing cases in a population, can be reported as a percentage or cases per number of people, normalizing population size supports comparisons across populations

incidence

counts new cases over a defined period of time

surveilance and case classification

disease stats come from surveillance and reporting systems, classifications include confirmed probable and suspect