EXAM 2 FULL CONTENT

“itching”; one of the most common symptoms of skin disorders

Pruritus

Stage I pressure injury

Non-blanchable erythema of intact skin

Stage II pressure injury

Partial-thickness skin loss involving epidermis/dermis

Stage III pressure injury

Full-thickness skin loss involving damage or loss of subcutaneous tissue but does not extend into the muscle/bone.

Stage IV pressure injury

Full-thickness skin loss with damage to muscle or bone.

Chronic, relapsing, immune-mediated inflammatory skin disorder

Psoriasis

What disorder is characterized by a steep acceleration of epidermal cell turnover?

Psoriasis

Benign, self-limiting inflammatory skin disorder

Pityriasis rosea

Skin disorder characterized by a “Christmas tree” pattern of small lesions

Pityriasis rosea

Chronic inflammatory disorder affecting skin and mucous membranes.

Lichen planus

Skin disorder characterized by intensely pruritic, purple-violet, flat-topped papules.

Lichen planus

How long can Lichen planus persist for?

Months to years

Chronic inflammatory skin disorder that primarily affects the central face.

Rosacea

What skin disorder’s symptoms worsen with sun exposure, spicy foods, alcohol, or heat?

Rosacea

More commonly develops in adulthood, characterized by facial flushing and persistent erythema.

Rosacea

Acute, immune-mediated inflammatory skin disorder

Erythema multiforme

Commonly triggered by infection, especially HSV

Erythema multiforme

Skin disorder characterized by “bull’s-eye” lesions

Erythema multiforme

Bacterial infection; superficial infection of a hair follicle

Folliculitis

Bacterial infection; deeper infection of a hair follicle that forms a painful, pus-filled nodule.

Furuncle

Bacterial infection; cluster of furuncles involving deeper skin.

Carbuncle

Bacterial infection; infection of dermis and subcutaneous tissue, causes spreading erythema, warmth, and swelling.

Cellulitis

Bacterial infection; superficial, highly contagious infection, characterized by honey-colored crusted lesions.

Impetigo

Bacterial infection; superficial form of cellulitis with raised, sharply defined erythematous borders.

Erysipelas

Viral infection caused by HSV-1 or HSV-2

Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)

Viral infection characterized by painful, grouped blisters that can rupture and ulcerate.

Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)

Varicella, more commonly known as:

Chickenpox

_______ occurs with the primary infection. After infection, VZV remains latent in sensory nerve ganglia. _______ occurs when latent VZV reactivates.

Varicella, Herpes zoster

Herpes zoster, more commonly known as:

Shingles

Fungal infection colonizing the skin, GI tract, and vagina

Candidiasis

Fungal infection caused by overgrowth of yeast from the genus species Candida.

Candidiasis

If this fungal infection colonizes the tongue, the tongue appears white.

Candidiasis

Inflammation of small blood vessels in the skin that causes blood and fluid to leak into surrounding tissue, leading to characteristic palpable purpura.

Cutaneous vasculitis

inflammation that results from an immune-mediated response that damages vessel walls.

Cutaneous vasculitis

Red-purple lesions, non-blanchable with pressure

palpable purpura

Palpable purpura is a characteristic of what?

Cutaneous vasculitis

Characterized by transient, raised pruritic wheals

Utricaria

Urticaria, more commonly known as:

Hives

Results from mast cell activation and histamine release in the skin.

Urticaria

Autoimmune connective tissue disease: causes thickening and hardening of the skin

Scleroderma

Autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation, vascular dysfunction, and fibrosis

Scleroderma

Localized scleroderma affects…

The skin

Systemic scleroderma affects…

Skin and internal organs

Raynaud phenomenon

Small blood vessels in the fingers and toes go into sudden vasospasms, temporarily limiting blood flow. Affected skin normally turns white, then blue, then red.

Decreased mouth opening because of facial skin tightening can be a key characteristic of?

Scleroderma

Limited form of scleroderma

Crest syndrome

Systemic sclerosis =

Scleroderma

Insect bites and stings common manifestations

Erythema + swelling, pruritus, pain/tenderness, papules/wheals

Severe, rapid, and potentially life-threatening allergic reaction

Anaphylaxis

Mosquito-borne infectious disease caused by a parasite from infected mosquitoes that infect and destroy RBCs

Malaria

Mosquito-borne acute viral hemorrhagic disease; primarily in Africa and South America.

Yellow fever

mosquito-borne viral illness; primarily in tropical and subtropical regions.

Dengue fever

Tick-borne bacterial infection transmitted through a bite from an infected Ixodes (back-legged, “deer”) tick.

Lyme disease

Bacterial infection characterized early on by erythema migrans (“bulls-eye” rash).

Lyme disease

Mosquito-borne viral infection; can also be transmitted through sexual contact or from mother to fetus.

Zika virus

Inflammatory disorder of pilosebaceous follicles

Ance vulgaris

What does acne vulgaris develop from (3)?

increased sebum production, plugging of hair follicles by keratin, proliferation of Cutibacterium acnes.

What does acne vulgaris produce on the skin?

Comedones (black/white heads), papules, and pustules

Rare, severe form of inflammatory acne

Acne conglobata

Characterized by large, painful nodules and abscesses, and significant scarring.

Acne conglobata

Chronic, relapsing, non-contagious inflammatory skin disorder

Atopic dermatitis (Eczema)

Chronic inflammatory skin disorder characterized by intense pruritus, erythema, dry skin, and lichenification with chronic scratching

Atopic dermatitis (Eczema)

What is staphylococcal Scalded-Skin Syndrome (SSSS)?

A serious bacterial skin disorder caused by exfoliative toxins released by Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. Most common in infants/children.

How does Staphylococcus aureus toxin cause SSSS?

Exfoliative toxins cause separation of the superficial layers of the epidermis.

Manifestions of SSSS

fever and malaise, diffuse erythema, fragile blisters, widespread peeling of skin.

What is molluscum contagiosum (MCV)?

A contagious viral skin infection caused by a poxvirus.

How is molluscum contagiosum (MCV) characterized?

Characterized by small, firm, dome-shaped papules.

What is Rubella?

A contagious viral infection spread through respiratory droplets.

Manifestations of Rubella

Upper respiratory symptoms, pink/red maculopapular rash that typically begins on the face and spreads downward.

Highly contagious viral infection spread through the airborne route

Rubeola (Measles)

Rubeola, more commonly known as:

Measles

Characterized by high fever. Other identifying features include Koplik spots and a maculopapular rash that starts on the face/hairline and spreads downward.

Rubeola (Measles)

Contagious skin infestation caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei.

Scabies

Characterized by intense pruritus that is often worse at night, small papules, and characteristic burrows.

Scabies

Parasitic infestation cause by lice that feed on human blood.

Pediculosis

What infestation is characterized by Nits (eggs) attached to hair shafts?

Pediculosis

Benign vascular tumors caused by abnormal proliferation of blood vessels. Most common in the first weeks to months of life.

Infantile hemangiomas

Skin condition caused by blocked eccrine (sweat) ducts, trapping sweat within the skin.

Miliaria

Miliaria crystallina

The most superficial, less severe form of Miliaria

Miliaria rubra

More severe, deeper skin obstruction form of Miliaria; “Prickly heat”

What is the most common type of skin cancer?

Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC)

What do you treat Raynaud’s Phenomenon with?

Calcium channel blockers

The most common form of glaucoma: Drainage angle remains open, but aqueous humor does not drain effectively; IOP increases gradually, painless, and initially asymptomatic.

Open-angle Glaucoma

Iris obstructs the drainage angle, causing a rapid decrease in aqueous humor outflow; IOP may increase suddenly and significantly. Symptoms of severe eye pain, headache, and blurred vision or halos around lights are all present.

Angle-closure Glaucoma

Acute angle-closure Glaucoma is a medical emergency

Yes

Glaucoma classified as chronic, gradual, often silent

Open-angle Glaucoma

Glaucoma classified as sudden, painful, and emergency

Acute angle-closure Glaucoma

Treatment for limited (mild) Psoriasis

Topical corticosteroids are the first-line treatment (i.e., hydrocortisone, triamcinolone).

Topical corticosteroid use

Provide temporary relief of pruritus associated with minor skin irritation and inflammation.

Decrease inflammation, redness, and itching. Prolonged or excessive use can cause skin thinning.

Topical corticosteroids

Topical corticosteroids suffix

“-sone” or “-lone”

Hydrocortisone drug class?

Corticosteroid

Betamethasone drug class?

Corticosteroid

Triamcinolone drug class?

Corticosteroid

Treatment for moderate-to-severe psoriasis

May require systemic therapy. Traditional systemic medications include: Methotrexate, Cyclosporine, and Acitretin.

Immunosuppressive, anti-inflammatory prescription medication used to treat moderate-to-severe psoriasis.

Methotrexate

Immunosuppressant that suppresses T-cell activity, used to treat moderate-to-severe psoriasis.

Cyclosporine

This retinoid used to treat severe Psoriasis is highly teratogenic, and pregnancy must be avoided during treatment and for 3 years after discontinuing.

Acitretin

Treatment for rosacea

Topical therapy: Metronidazole reduces inflammation, Azelaic acid reduces inflammation and papules/pustules. — Systemic therapy: Doxycycline used for moderate-to-severe rosacea inflammation.

Treatment for Erythema multiforme

Usually self-limiting; Antihistamines (i.e., cetirizine) for pruritus, Corticosteroids for inflammation. If associated with HSV, antiviral therapy (i.e., acyclovir) may be used.