Cell structure

connect the nucleoplasm to the cytoplasm

Nuclear pores

outer & inner membrane of nucleus

Cytoplasm. nucleoplasm

Packaging of the DNA of a working cell

Chromatin

Two types of chromatin and functions

Euchromatin (unwound DNA that’s expressive), heterochromatin (supercoiled DNA that is stored, histones)

Nucleolus

Distinct region within nucleus, site of ribosome subunit assembly

Ribosomes

Machines for protein synthesis

large and small subunits of ribosomes are made of

rRNA, proteins

two locations of ribosomes and individual functions

1. bound to endoplasmic reticulum, make proteins for insertion into membranes

2. Free in cytosol, make proteins for function within cytosol

role of endoplasmic reticulum

biosynthesis of macromolecules

Function of Rough ER

related to ribosomes, produce proteins secreted by cells (mostly glycoproteins, proteins with covalently bonded carboydrates), transport proteins to Golgi

Functions of the smooth ER

synthesis of lipids & carbohydrates, including membrane phospholipids, sex hormones, detoxify drugs in liver cells

Golgi apparatus

shipping-receiving center of the cell

cytosol

the aqueous component of a cell’s cytoplasm

Flattened membranous sacs in the Golgi which recieves and dispatches transport vesicles and the products in it.

Cisternae (golgi stacks)

how the golgi works

Products (transport vesicles) from rough ER enter at the cis face and provessed by Golgi, Golgi shippes out secretory vesicles from the trans face.

Lysosomes

sacs containing digestive enzymes

Phagocytosis

when a food vacuole merges with a lysosome and gets digested.

Autophagy

lysosomes fusing with vesicle of damaged organelles and recycles it.

functions of the central vacuole

digestion, defense, plant growth

protein in microtubules

Tubulin (alpha and beta dimers)

Centrosome

region where the cell’s microtubules are initiated, contains a pair of centrioles

Functions of microtubules

Support shape, locomotion, cellular trafficking

protein in Microfilaments

actin

Functions of microfilaments

1. support cell shape in animals

2. cytoplasmic streaming in plants,

3. cell movement in amoebae

protein in Intermediate filaments

keratin

functions of intermediate filaments

1. reinforcing cell shape

2. anchoring organelles

3. major component of the nuclear lamina

3 types of cytoskeleton

Microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments

Cellular junctions for adhesion

Tight junctions, anchoring junctions

Communication juntions in plants and animals

animal - gap junctions

plants - plasmodesmata

Function of cell walls

Limit 3D shape, protect from hypotonic environments

Structural carbohydrates in plants are made of

Cellulose

Structural arbohydrates in bacteria are made of

peptidoglycan

Structural carbohydrates in fungi are made of

Chitin

Aldose

C=O group at end of compound

ketose

C=O in middle of compound

Smallest carbohydrate

monosaccharides

2 types of mono saccharides

5 carbon & 6 carbon

Alpha ring form

O and OH on different sides

beta ring form

O and OH on same side

Disaccharides

2 sugar units

Storage carbs has _ ring formation

alpha

Structural carbs has _ ring formation

beta

Ring formation of starch

alpha

ring formation of glycogen

alpha

ring formation of cellulose

beta

Chitin

modified glucose / NAG, hydrogen bonds between parallel strands

Peptidoglycan

NAG, tetrapeptide, covalend bonds between parallel strands

Extracellular Matrix (ECM)

Structure outside of the plasma memebrane that hold cells together. Major component is collagen

Glycoproteins

proteins with numerous polysaccharide branches that connect fibres together

Integrins

Transmembrane proteins that link ECMA TO CYTOSKELETON

two types of cells

Prokaryotes, Eukaryotes

Prokaryotic Nucleoid

Not a true nucleus, a single circular chromosome

Plasmids

DNA molecules independent from the chromosome

Genes in plasmids are for

Antibiotic resistance, pili production

type of bacteria with thick layer of peptidoglycan

Gram positive

Type of bacteria with thin layer of peptidoglycan and outer membrane

Gram negative

Basal body

Connects flagellum with cytoplasm, 9+0 arrangement

“fur“ of eukaryotes

Cilia, flagella

Arrangements of microtubules in eukaryotic flagella

9 +2

Dynein motor proteins Y

produce wagging motion, anchored on one microtubule and walk along the neighbouring microtubule

Bacterial “fur“

Fimbriae and pili

Fimbriae is only found on _ bacteria

Gram negative

difference between fimbrae and cilia

Fimbrae is shorter and thinner than cilia

Pili

Conjugation tube between cells

Pilus gene is only on the _ bacteria

F + bacteria

Function of bacterial flagella

rotates to move bacterium

Endomembrane theory

Invagination of plasma membranes, internal membranes separate, endomembrane system forms

Endosymbiont theory

A eukaryote eating the mitochondria / chloroplast through phagocytosis

The inner membrane of mitochondria is folded into

cristae with matrix within

ATP is produced in mitochondria through

citric acid cycle, electron tansport

Serial endosymbiosis encludes

Primary endosymbiosis (bacteria are engulfed) , secandary endosymbiosis (red/green algae is engulfed)

Inner membrane of chloroplasts are folded into

Thylakoids (grana)

_ connect the nucleoplasm to the cytoplasm

Nuclear pores

_ maintains shape of the nuclear envelope

Nuclear lamina

examples of polysaccharides

starch, glycogen, cellulose