KAAP 230 Lab Practical 2

long bone

longer than they are wide, ex: femur, humerus

short bone

roughly square shaped, ex: carpals (hand bones), tarsals (foot bones)

flat bone

thin, flat, or curved, ex: skull, sternum, ribs

irregular bone

irregularly shaped, ex: vertebrae, pelvis, mandible

sesamoid bone

small, round bones embedded in tendons & muscles, ex: patella

head (articulation)

the prominent expanded end of a bone

condyle (articulation)

a rounded knob that articulates with another bone

epicondyle (projection)

projection superior to a condyle, attachment site for muscles and ligaments

facet (articulation)

smooth, flat, slightly concave or convex surface

crest (projection)

narrow ridge, attachment site for muscles and ligaments

spine (projection)

sharp, slender, or narrow process

process (projection)

bony prominence

line (projection)

slightly raised, elongated ridge

protuberance (projection)

bony outgrowth or protrusion

trochanter (projection)

massive process, only on the femur

tuberosity (projection)

rough surface

tubercle (projection)

small, rounded process

alveolus (depression)

pit or socket

fossa (depression)

shallow, broad, or elongated basin

sulcus (depression)

a groove for a tendon, nerve, or blood vessel

fovea (depression)

small pit

canal (passages)

a tubular passage or tunnel in a bone

meatus (passage)

an opening into a canal

foramen (passage)

a round hole through a bone

fissure (passage)

a slit through a bone

vertebral column

cervical (7), thoracic (12), lumbar (5), sacrum (5, fused), coccyx (4, fused)

C1 (atlas)

C2 (axis)

odontoid process

bifid spinous process

transverse foramen

transverse costal facet

superior costal facet

inferior costal facet

lumbar vertebrae

body (vertebrae)

lamina

pedicle

vertebral arch

intervertebral foramen

inferior vertebral arch

superior vertebral arch

boney joints

two bones that form a solid bone, (left and right maxillae, epiphysis and diaphysis)

fibrous joints

bound by collagen fibers, sutures, gomphoses, syndesmosis (slightly movable)

cartilaginous joints

linked by cartilage, synchondrosis (long bones in children), symphysis (joined by fibrocartilage, slightly movable)

synovial joints

contains synovial fluid, freely moving, common joint in the body

types of synovial joints

ball and socket, condyloid, saddle, gliding, hinge, pivot

occiptofrontalis

elevation of eyebrows, creases skin of forehead, moves scalp backward and forward

orbicularis oculi

closes eyelids (blink/wink), sphincter muscle (contract to close & relax to open)

orbicularis oris

closes lips, protrudes lips (pucker)

zygomaticus major

elevation of corner of mouth (smile)

buccinator

compression of cheek (ex: inflating a balloon)

masseter

elevation of mandible (ex: closing mouth), protraction of mandible

temporalis

elevation of mandible (ex: closing mouth), retraction of mandible, assists the masseter

lebator labii superioris

elevation of upper lip (sneer)

depressor labii inferioris

depression of lower lip (pout)

mentalis

wrinkles skin of chin, raises and protrudes lower lip

platysma

elevates and creases skin of neck (ex: expression of horror), depression of lower lip and angle of mouth

mylohyoid

elevation of floor of mouth

sternohyoid

depression of hyoid bone, origin: sternum & clavicle, insertion: hyoid bone

omohyoid

depression of hyoid bone, immediately lateral to sternohyoid

thyrohyoid

elevation of larynx, depression of hyoid bone, origin: thyroid cartilage of larynx, insertion: hyoid bone

sternothyroid

depression of larynx, origin: sternum, insertion: thyroid cartilage of larynx

sternocleidomastoid

ipsilateral lateral flexion (single), contralateral rotation (single), neck flexion (paired), origin: clavicle & sternum, insertion: mastoid process of temporal bone & lateral one-half of superior nuchal line of occiptal bone

scalene

neck flexion (paired), ipsilateral lateral flexion (single), weak contralateral lateral rotation (single), accessory muscle to breathing (anterior and middle: elevation of rib 1, posterior: elevation of rib 2)

trapezius - upper (superior)

superior fibers: elevation of scapula; superior rotation of scapula (glenoid cavity directed superiorly), origin: occipital bone (superior nuchal line), nuchal ligament, insertion: clavicle (lateral)

trapezius - middle

middle fibers: retraction (adduction) of scapula, origin: C7 and upper thoracic v, insertion: scapula (spine and acromion)

trapezius - lower (inferior)

inferior fibers: depression of scapula, origin: spinous processes of T1-T12 vertebrae, insertion: scapula (base of spine)

latissimus dorsi

adduction of arm, extension of arm, medial rotation of arm, origin: sacral and lumbar spines via thoracolumbar fascia, ilium (iliac crest), ribs (lower four), spinous processes of T6-12 vertebrae, scapula (inferior angle), insertion: intertubecular sulcus of the humerus

rhomboid major

retraction (adduction) of scapula, elevation of scapula, origin: spinous processes of T2-T5 vertebrae, insertion: medial border of scapula

rhomboid minor

retraction (adduction) of scapula, elevation of scapula, origin: spinous processes of C7-T1 vertebrae, insertion: medial border of scapula

ilicostalis (erector spinae)

lateral flexion of vertebral column (single), extension of vertebral column (paired), depression of ribs

longissimus (erector spinae)

lateral flexion of vertebral column (single), extension of vertebral column (paired), depression of ribs

spinalis (erector spinae)

lateral flexion of vertebral column (single), extension of vertebral column (paired), depression of ribs

quadratus lumborum

lateral flexion of trunk (single), extension of trunk (paired), fix/depress rib 12

pectoralis minor

stabilizes scapula (holds it against thoracic wall), protraction (abduction) of scapula (assists serratus anterior), lateral rotation of scapula (e.g., depresses the acromion), origin: Ribs 3-5, insertion: scapula (coracoid process)

pectoralis major

adduction of arm, medial rotation of arm, clavicular head: flexion of arm, sternocostal head: extension of arm (from flexed position), origin: sternum, clavicle and costal cartilages of ribs 1-6, insertion:

intertubecular sulcus of humerus

serratus anterior

protraction (abduction) of scapula, superior/upward rotation of scapula (directs glenoid cavity superiorly), stabilizes scapula (holds it against thoracic wall), origin: ribs 1-9, insertion: medial border of scapula

external intercostals

elevate ribs (aid in inspiration)

internal intercostals

elevate ribs during inspiration and depress ribs during expiration, innervated by the intercostal nerves, muscle fibers run inferoposteriorly

diaphragm

compress abdominal cavity, prime mover of inspiration, expand thoracic cavity

rectus abdominis

forward flexion

external oblique

forward flexion (pair), ipsilateral lateral flexion, contralateral rotation

internal oblique

forward flexion (pair), ipsilateral lateral flexion, ipsilateral rotation

transverse abdominis

compresses abdominal cavity