Microbiology Test 2

Which eukaryote:

Unicellular, non-photosynthetic organisms

Protozoa

Which eukaryote has these modes of locomotion:

flagella, cilia, pseudopodia

protozoa

which type of protozoa:

feeding and growth part of the protozoa life cycle

trophozoite

Which protozoa structure:

-for survival

-formed when environmental conditions are too unfavorable for the trophozoite

-formed through encystment

-dormant, encapsulated life stage of a protozoan

cyst

which type of protozoa:

includes flagellates

excavata

Which type of protozoa:

amoeboid protozoa that move via pseudopodia (extensions of the cytoplasm that allows for a flowing movement of an organism)

Amoebozoa

which type of protozoa:

ciliates and apicomplexan (no obvious means of motility/have and apical complex-used for host attachment) protozoa

chromalveolata

Which part of the apicomplexan life cycle:

the nucleus of a cell divides multiple times before the cell divides

schizogony

which pathogen:

-bloodborne

-caused by Plasmodium spp.

-apicomplexan protozoan transmitted via mosquitos

-human and mosquito life stages

-symptoms are cyclical based on changes to antigenic determinants

-fever/chills, followed by swelling, then fatigue

-WHO has approved 2 vaccines

-Obligate (must be in specific host cells to complete life cycle)

Malaria

Which eukaryote:

Parasitic worms, multicellular animals, contain organ systems

Helminths

Which type of helminth:

-unsegmented

-full digestive system

Nematoda (roundworms)

Which type of helminth:

-flukes and tapeworms

-made of proglottids (segments contained reproductive structures)

-scolex (head of worm)

Platyhelminthes (flatworms)

which pathogen:

-caused by Ascaris lumbricoides

-common round worm

-typically, transmitted by ingesting contaminated food or water

-eggs shed via feces

-eggs hatch in intestines and travel to lungs, are swallowed

-treated with anthelminthic drugs

Ascariasis

which eukaryote:

• Heterotrophic and often saprozoic (feeding on dead or decaying plant and animal matter)—can cause mycoses (illness caused by a fungus)

• 2 morphologies: unicellular (yeasts) or multicellular (molds); some are dimorphic (having more than one morphology during their lifetime)

-dimorphic fungi typically grow as mycelium (mat of hyphae) outdoors and can turn into yeast

• Hyphae (filamentous cell type of multicellular fungi) can be septate (segmented) or nonseptate (unsegmented). Yeasts can form pseudohyphae (individual yeast cells)

-none are obligate parasites

-many are opportunistic (only cause disease under favorable conditions)

Fungi

which pathogen;

-caused by Histoplasma capsulatum: a common environmental fungus

-associated with bat/bird droppings

-dimorphic: hyphal in environment and converts to yeast in lungs

-infection is usually self-limiting and asymptomatic

-can cause chronic lung disease

-respiratory pathogen

histoplasmosis

which pathogen:

-Tineas (superficial cutaneous mycoses/ringworm)

-fungal spores typically enter via a break in the skin

-treated by topical antifungal agent

-skin mycoses

dermaphytic fungi

which non-viral pathogen:

Small, naked ssRNAs causing diseases in plants

viroids

which non-viral pathogen:

ssRNAs requiring helper viruses for infection, linear DNA

virusoids

which non-viral pathogen:

Proteinaceous infectious particles causing transmissible spongiform

encephalopathies, convert other healthy proteins to misfold

prions

who determined that something smaller than a bacterium caused Tobacco Mosaic Disease (“father of virology”)

Dmitri Ivanoski

which virus structure:

protein coat that surrounds viral genome (all viruses have)

capsid

which virus structure:

protein subunit that makes up the capsid

capsomer

which virus structure:

capsid together with the viral genome

nucleocapsid

Which structure:

-external covering that only some viruses have (those lacking are called naked)

-mostly animal viruses have them

-acquired when the virus leaves the host cell

viral envelope

which virus structure:

-on external surface of virus

-for recognition of host (viruses have tropism-tendency to infect certain tissues/cells)

-made of exposed glycoproteins

spikes

Which virus structure:

carries genes necessary to invade host cell and redirect cell’s activity to make new viruses

viral genome

which type of virus are usually double stranded but may be single stranded

DNA viruses

which viruses are usually single stranded but may be double stranded or may be segmented into separate RNA pieces

RNA viruses

which capsid type:

continuous helix of capsomers forming a cylindrical nucleocapsid

helical

which capsid type:

20 sided with 12 corners, geometric shape

icosahedral

which capsid type:

atypical (not one of the other 2 shapes)

complex

Which virus can infect bactteria

bacteriophage

how are viruses classified

Based on morphology, type of nucleic acid, host range, cell specificity, and enzymes within the virion

which kind of infection:

-virus not completely cleared from host system

-stays in certain tissues or organs of the infected person

persistent infections

which type of persistent infection:

-virus remains hidden or dormant inside of host cell

-can be reactivated (chicken pox)

latent

which type of persistent infection:

-symptoms are recurrent or persistent over a long period of time (HIV)

chronic

which virus characteristic:

-distinct observable cell abnormalities due to viral infection

-sometimes useful for diagnosis

-damage to host cell

-transform cells into cancerous cells (oncovirus)

-cells fuse to form multinucleated cells (syncytium)

cytopathic effects (CPEs)

what is host range (tropism)

Viruses have limited host ranges and infect specific cell type

which stage of the viral replication cycle for bacteriophages:

recognize and bind to host

attachment

which stage of the viral replication cycle for bacteriophages:

viral genome is injected into host

penetration

which stage of the viral replication cycle for animal virus bacteriophages:

viral RNA is released into cytoplasm

uncoating

which stage of the viral replication cycle for bacteriophages:

making phage proteins

biosynthesis

which stage of the viral replication cycle for bacteriophages:

assembling new phage particles

maturation

which stage of the viral replication cycle for bacteriophages:

lyses of host cell; release of new phage particles

release

which viral replication cycle leads to host cell death

lytic cycle

which viral replication cycle:

-integrates the phage into the host genome (lysogeny)

-temperate phages

-becomes an inactive prophage (persist in the host genome until induction) after the viral genome inserts into bacterial genome

-make progeny viruses (newly assembled viruses) when induced under stressful conditions

-phage DNA is passing replicated as bacterial cell divided

lysogenic cycle

which viral replication cycle:

-similar to bacteriophage

-Enter via fusion or endocytosis

-Biosynthesis varies based on viral genome

-Retroviruses

-Release by lysis (released by nonenveloped and complex viruses when the cell dies and ruptures) or budding (exocytosis for enveloped viruses)

animal virus replication cycle

what is a problem with cultivating viruses

viruses require host cells

what is in vitro

outside of a living organism

what is in vivo

inside a living organism

which pathogen:

-caused by HSV-1 (enveloped DNA virus)

-latent infection- can cause recurrent infections

-no cure, antiviral medication reduces symptoms

-can cause Neonatal Herpes (infant contaminated by mother before or during birth)

-skin pathogen

oral herpes (cold sores)

which pathogen:

-Caused by HSV-2

-Can be asymptomatic or cause genital lesions

-antiviral treatment to reduce symptoms

-more frequent recurrence than oral herpes

-also causes neonatal herpes

Genital herpes

which pathogen:

-can cause warts (papillomae) on skin or genital

-genital warts are considered STI

-some strains are oncogenic (cancer causing)

-oncogenic strains prevented via vaccines

HPV (Human Papilloma Viruses)

which pathogen:

-Caused by 5 unrelated viruses (they have an affinity for hepatocytes)

-all have preference for liver cells

-inflammation causes bilirubin buildup --> jaundice

-Hep A and B preventable via vaccine

-acute or chronic

Hepatitis

which pathogen:

-often self-limiting disease

-transmitted via direct contact

-glycoprotein spikes that undergo constant mutations (antigenic drift - more subtle changes - decrease host immune response)

-antigenic shift (abrupt, major change) in spike proteins (2 strains from different hosts recombine)

-infection can lead to pneumonia or Reye syndrome 

-enveloped

-RNA virus

-H and N spike proteins

Influenza

which pathogen:

-zoonotic virus

-carried by wild mammals

-transmitted by bites

-post-exposure/prodromal phase (vague symptoms): treatment with PEP therapy

-2 terminal stages (fatal outcome): paralytic or furious (hydrophobia)

-vaccine program for animals

Rabies

which genomes are ready for immediate translation

positive-sense RNA

which genomes must be converted into proper form (+RNA)

negative-sense RNA

which enzyme makes the conversion between (-) and + sense DNA

RdRP (viral RNA-dependent RNA Polymerase)

Which +ssRNA virus converts RNA into DNA during biosynthesis

retroviruses

which viral enzyme converts ssRNA genome into DNA (make DNA from viral RNA)

reverse transcriptase

which viral enzyme inserts viral DNA into host DNA (provirus)

integrase

what are the most abundant elements for life

96% HCNO / 99% HCNOPS

what is:

most abundant elements in cells (99%) dry weight

macronutrients

what is:

required by some cells in very small amounts

micronutrients/trace elements

what is:

organized around chains of carbon atoms (carbon based)

organic molecules

what are:

organic molecules that form cells and perform chemical functions to facilitate life

biomolecules

what are:

-consist of thousands of atoms

-made of single subunits (monomers)

-form polymers by combining monomers using covalent bonds

-combined by a chemical reaction (dehydration synthesis reaction)

macromolecules

Common disaccharides

maltose, lactose, sucrose

common polysaccharides

starches, glycogen, cellulosew

which type of lipids are useful for energy storage, structural `