Toxins

What is the major toxic component of honeybee venom that causes membrane disruption?

Melittin.

What enzyme in honeybee venom hydrolyzes membrane phospholipids and causes cell lysis?

Phospholipase A₂.

What promotes the spread of toxins through tissue in honeybee venom?

Hyaluronidase.

Which substances in honeybee venom cause vasodilation and pain?

Histamine, serotonin, kinins.

What are the local effects of honeybee venom?

Pain, erythema, inflammation due to histamine and kinins.

What can occur from systemic effects of multiple honeybee stings?

Hemolysis and rhabdomyolysis.

What are potential effects of honeybee venom on the kidneys?

Renal injury due to hemoglobinuria/myoglobinuria.

What are the systemic effects of honeybee venom due to histamine and melittin?

Hypotension and shock.

What serious allergic reaction can result from honeybee stings?

Anaphylaxis.

What tissue does melittin primarily target in honeybee venom?

Cell membranes.

Which toxin is known for causing damage to the vascular endothelium?

Melittin.

What condition can arise from pigment nephropathy due to honeybee venom exposure?

Kidney injury.

What type of toxin is produced by blister beetles?

Cantharidin.

How can dogs be affected by cantharidin toxicity?

By ingesting contaminated alfalfa hay or infected beetles.

What is the mechanism of action for cantharidin?

Inhibits serine/threonine phosphatases, disrupting cell junctions.

What are the clinical signs of cantharidin toxicity in dogs?

Salivation, vomiting, hematuria, shock.

What is a potential result of cantharidin-induced direct mucosal damage?

Ulceration of oral and gastric mucosa.

What systemic effect can result from damaged tissues due to cantharidin?

Hypocalcemia.

What can high doses of xylitol lead to in dogs?

Hepatic necrosis and hypoglycemia.

What is the mechanism through which xylitol causes hypoglycemia?

Stimulates pancreatic β-cells, causing an insulin surge.

What are the signs of low blood glucose due to xylitol ingestion?

Weakness, seizures, collapse.

What toxic dose of xylitol can cause liver injury?

0.5 g/kg.

What does nicotine stimulate at low doses?

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.

What can occur with high doses of nicotine?

Receptor blockade, bradycardia, respiratory paralysis.

What is a potentially lethal dose of nicotine for dogs?

9–12 mg/kg.

What is the main concern with ingestion of certain plants by dogs?

Top plant toxins that can cause poisoning.

What are common food toxins that dogs are affected by?

Chocolate, grapes, onions, garlic.

What type of products can contain serious toxins to pets?

Cleaning products.

What are hazardous components found in pesticides for pets?

Organophosphates, pyrethroids.

What types of herbicides can be toxic to dogs?

Glyphosate, atrazine.

What are the systemic effects of cantharidin toxicity?

Myocardial necrosis and renal tubular damage.

What common vegetable can be a top food toxin for dogs?

Onions.

Which cleaning product can be toxic to dogs if ingested?

Bleach.

What is the role of hyaluronidase in honeybee venom?

Promotes the spread of the toxin.

What causes the systemic shock seen with multiple honeybee stings?

Histamine and melittin-induced vascular permeability.

What is a critical clinical sign of anaphylaxis from bee stings?

Rapid onset respiratory or cardiovascular collapse.

Which toxin causes vesicle formation in mucosa?

Cantharidin.

How does melittin affect cell membranes?

It causes membrane disruption.

What is the effect of serotonin in honeybee venom?

Causes pain and vasodilation.

What is the main risk associated with feeding dogs chocolate?

Theobromine toxicity.

What are the effects of histamine release in the body?

Vasodilation and increased permeability.

What can be a consequence of tachycardia in nicotine toxicity?

Subsequent bradycardia and respiratory distress.

What type of toxicity does a blister beetle cause in horses and dogs?

Cantharidin toxicity.

What is the effect of xylitol on pancreatic beta cells?

Rapid stimulation leading to insulin release.

What are the local symptom consequences of honeybee venom?

Erythema and edema.