paper 3 issues & debates holism and reductionism L5

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8 Terms

1
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Explain what is holism?

  • human behaviour is complex

  • It should be looked at as an integrated whole experience rather than in separate parts

  • We cannot predict how the whole system will behave just from a knowledge of individual components


2
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What are the key features of the humanistic ( holistic ) approach

humanist psychology

  • humanism investigates all aspects of the individual as well as the interactions between people

  • Emerged as a reaction against those who dehumanise psychological perspectives that attempt to reduce behaviour to a set of simple elements

  • uses qualitative methods to investigate all aspects of an individual

  • Roger’s person - centered therapy focuses on the complete person


3
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What are the key features of reductionism

  • the belief that behaviour can be explained by breaking it down into simpler parts

  • Best understanding comes from studying the individual components of a system

  • Based on parsimony : the idea that complex phenomenas should be explained in the simplest terms possible


4
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What are the 3 levels of explanation

  • lowest level - considers physiological ( biological ) explanations

  • The middle level considers physiological explanations ( e.g cognitive and behavioural )

  • The highest level considers social and cultural explanations


5
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What are the 2 types of reductionism

  • biological reductionism

  • Environmental reductionism


6
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What is biological reductionism

  • We are biological organisms made up physiological structures and processes

    All behaviour is at some level biological can be explained through neurochemical , neurophysiological , evolutionary and genetic influences


7
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What’s an example of an study where biological determinism occurs

clinical health

  • The biological explanation of OCD claims that OCD is caused by higher levels dopamine and lower levels of serotonin


8
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Explain what environmental reductionism is and give an example of environmental reductionism from a study you have learnt

  • behaviour explained through learned stimulus - response (S-R) links

  • complex behaviour = simple chains of S-R associations


Clinical health

Behaviourist approach claims that phobias are initiated through classical conditioning and maintained through operant conditioning