Speech and hearing science exam 1

what are the 3 prerequisites for a sound

1. energy source

2. vibrating source

3. a medium through which disturbance travels

what is sound

• audible disturbance of a medium produced by a source

• sound is generated when air molecules (or any other medium) are pushed together and apart by a vibrating object

is sound a thing, a mass, a weight, and visible

no

what is acoustics

the study of the physics of sound

why study acoustics

• sounds of speech can be used to infer what is happening physiologically

• non-invasive

• relatively quick method

what is length

• measurement of distance

• extent of spatial separation between 2 points

what is mass

quantity of matter in abody

what is time

physical event that occurs on regular basis

what is a property of matter whereby a mass in motion will tend to stay in motion… until acted upon by an outisde force

• a mass at rest will tend to stay at rest, until outside force acts upon it

inertia

what is the amount of force per unit area

pressure

what is a force that causes a deformed structure to return to its original shape, aka restoring force

elasticity

what is the decrease in amplitude of vibration over time

damping

what is the opposition to motion

impedance

what is motion of a mass in alternating opposite directions when displaced, can be shown graphically (sound wave)

vibration/oscillation

what is the time it takes for each vibratory cycle

period

what is number of cycles per second (hz)

frequency

what is the maximum points of displacement on a wave

amplitude

what is the first purpose of respiratory system

life support

what is the second purpuse of respiratory system

speech

what is the amount of force applied to the surface of an object

pressure

what is the amount of space occupied by three dimensions, discrete amount of air

volume

what are the boundaries of the thorax

• vertebrae

• sternum

• ribs

• diaphragm

do muscles attach the lungs together

no

what covers the two lungs

membrane lining

what membrane lining is outside of lungs

visceral pleural

what membrane lining is inside the ribs

parietal pleura

what is the partial negative vacuum keeping structure together, neither structure is resting (unless lung collpased)

pleural linkage

what tends to drive each system abck to its resting level,

recoil forces

if structure is compressed, recoils make it

expand

if structure is expanded, recoil makes it

compressed

what kind of relationship is there between volume and pressure

inverse relationship

what kind of difference is needed for speech

pressure difference

what is general description of inspiration

• lifts ribs up

• lowers diaphragm

  • increase lateral and vertical dimensions of ribcage

with increased volume there is

decreased pressure

what is always used for inspiration

primary muscles of inspiration

inhalation requires what kind of msucle contraction

active

what are the 11 pairs of muscles that run between the ribs and contraction lifts entire ribcage up and out

external intercostals

what structure attaches to bottom of rib cage, sternum, lumbar vertebrae, contraction pulls system down and towards abdominal cavity

diaphragm

review lung volumes and vcapacitys

what msucles help with adduction

• interarytenoid muscles

• lateral cricoarytenoid muscle

what muscle helps with vocal fold lengthening and tensing

cricothyroid muscles

thyroarytenoid muscles

what msucles help with vocal fold shortening and relaxing

thyroarytenoid muscles

which portion of vf vibrate

anterior 2/3 contains membrane to vibrate

what does the posterior 1/3 contain

elements of cartilage

what air pressure is needed for vocal fold vibration

subglottial air pressure

how much air do we need from subglottal to cause phoantion

air pressure must exceed supraglottal pressure

how do the vocal folds opena nd close

from bottom to the top

what is perceptual correlate to fundamental frequency

pitch

how is pitch determined

by rate of vocal fold vibration

what is pitch based on

elasticity, tension, and mass

increased in air pressure + increased resisitnace=

increase in intensity

increased air pressure also leads to

increase in pitch

what is vibration of VF to produce sound

phonation

what voice quality is lightly adducted vf

normal voice

what voice quality is vocal folds are long and tight, only edges of VF vibrate

falsetto

what voice quality is vocal folds fail to full adduct, mostly first 2/3 of vf are vibrating, not back 1/3

breathy

what voice quality is ireegular vocal fold movement, could be due to irritations, swelling, nodules, and polyps

hoarse

what voice quality is extremely low frequency, can eliminate by increasing frequency

glottal fry

what voice quality is stopping air with vf

glottal stop

what voice quality is vf adducted too tight, occurs at initation of phonation

glottal attack

what theory helps to explain how the vocal tract filters the sound source relate to vowels

source filter theory

when and who developed the source filter theory

developed in 1960 by Gunnar Fant

What are the three componenents to the theory

• source

• filter

  • raditaion characteristics

what does the source component eman

function of the VFs

what does the filter component mean

shape of the vocal tract

what does the radiation characteristics component mean

sound radiating in this air

what is the source component of the theory visualized by

• fundamental frequency

• harmonic frequency

what is the amplitude spectrum of source component

-12dB drop per octave

what is each formant of the filter component associated with

a peak

resonance curve of filter component represents what

frequency responses

1st formant has an inverse relationship with what?

tongue height

according to F1 high vowels have what

low F1

accorrding to F1 low vowels have a

high F1

2nd formants have an inverse relationship with

tongue advancement

according to F2 front vowels have a

high F2

according to F2 back vowels have a

low F2

as sound waves travels through vocal tract what happens

harmonics close to resonating frequencies are amplified

are harmonics beyond the cut offs amplified

no

why can vocal tract be viewed as a broadly tined resonantor

• bandwith is wide

• many frequencies within this range will be amplified

• harmonics are still there, some are just louder

what are radiation characteristics of source filter theory

• effect of sound leaving the mouth

• sound then radiated in air

according to radiation characteristics higher frequency sounds are

emphasized , +6 dB per octave

what is lung capacity

combinations of volumes that express physiological limits

what is functional residual capacity (resting expiratory level)

when all muscles ar relaxed

point at the end of quiet exhalation, just before inhalation, used as reference

what is vital capacity

maximum usable volume of air that can be exhaled and inhaled

depends on age/body size/body type

children 1-2 liters, adults 3-5

what is tidal volume

volume of air inhaled and exhaled during breathing

what is inspiratory capacity

maximim amount of air you can inhale past REL

what is inspiratory reserve volume

amount of air that can be inhaled beyond a given inspiratory level

what is expiratory reserve volume

amount of air that can be exhaled beyond a given expiratory level

what is residual volume

• amount of non-usable air left in lungs after expiration

• cannot be forced from lugns

• stops lungs from collapsing

• may use if REALLY winded

what is total lung capacity

vital capacity + residual volume

which type of respiration is roughly equal pahses of inhale and exhale, exhale slightly longer (40-60%)

quiet respiration

which type of respiration is expiratory phase is lengethened, used during speech (10%-90%

FORCED RESPIRATION

how much of vital cpacity does quiet breathing sue

10%

how much of vital cpaciaty does conversational speech use

25%

how much of vital capcity does loud speech use?

40%

function of VF visualized by

fundamental frequency

harmonic frequency

what are used to descibe filter, natural mode of vibratino of vocal tract, and indentified by number

formants

what is trnasfer functio charactersitcs of filter

• effect of all fomrants

• each forant is associated with a oeak

• resonance curve representing the frequency responses

as sound waves travel through the vocal tract harmonics that are clsoe the resonating frequences are …

amplified (amplification between upper and lower cutoffs, those beyond are not amplified

what is X and Y on filter curve tansfer fucntio graph

x frequency

y amplitude