BSC 215: Lab Exam One

Lab 1: look back at slides for anatomical term labeling! Lab 2: know how to label animal cell and organelles

Anatomical position:

Ventral side facing you, palms up

When in a medical setting, is right and left from your perspective or the organisms?

From perspective of organism (opposite)

What are the four major elements found in the body?

1. Hydrogen

2. Carbon

3. Nitrogen

4. Oxygen

What are the five key properties of water?

1. Universal solubility

2. High heat capacity (water absorbs a lot of heat before it gets hot)

3. High heat of vaporization (large amounts of heat are required to turn from liquid to gas)

4. Reactivity

5. Adhesion/Cohesion (water molecules attracted to other molecules and each other)

What’s the difference between solvents and solutes?

Solvents are what solutes dissolve in

Hydrophilic:

Polar molecules; attracted to water

Hydrophobic:

Nonpolar molecules; do not interact with water

Acids:

Donate H+ ions (has more H+ than bases)

Bases:

Accept H+ ions (have less H+ ions)

pH buffers consist of…

A weak base and its conjugate acid or a weak acid and its conjugate base

Acidosis:

When blood is too acidic (less than 7.35)

Alkalosis:

If blood is too basic (pH above 7.45)

What do carbonic acid and bicarbonate act as?

Crucial buffers in the body; allows CO2 to convert into carbonic acid when dissolved in water

What is a normal blood pH?

7.35-7.45

What two systems help with acidosis and alkalosis?

Metabolic and respiratory

The plasma membrane is semi-permeable because it’s made up of…

Phospholipid bilayer

In the plasma membrane, what do proteins do?

Provides a mean of transport through membrane

In the plasma membrane, what does cholesterol do?

Makes membrane more rigid

In the plasma membrane, what do carbohydrates do?

Recognition patterns for cells and organisms

What are two examples of passive transport?

1. Diffusion

2. Osmosis

Passive transport:

No energy needed

Active transport:

Uses energy

Bulk transport:

Involves membranous vesicles to move larger substances

What are two examples of bulk transport?

1. Endocytosis

2. Exocytosis

What are the three typical ways molecules cross the plasma membrane?

1. Passive transport

2. Active transport

3. Bulk transport

Diffusion (passive):

Movement of molecules from high to low concentration (down the gradient)

Osmosis (passive):

The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane; moves from low to high concentration

Osmotic pressure:

Fluid pressive required to exactly oppose osmosis

Tonicity:

Relative concentration of solutes in two fluids

Isotonic:

Extracellular and intracellular solute concentrations are equal

Hypertonic:

Extracellular solute concentration higher than intracellular solute concentration; water moves out of cell; causes shrinking

Hypotonic:

Extracellular solute concentration is lower than intracellular concentration; water moves into the cell; swelling (hypo=hippo)

Cell cycle acronym:

I-PMAT

Interphase:

Cell participates in typical behavior and function; prepares for division

Interphase cycles:

1. G1 (cells increase in size, organelles replicated)

2. G0 (progress stopped at G1)

3. S phase (DNA replication)

4. G2 (protein synthesis)

Prophase:

Chromosomes condense, spindle fibers form, nuclear envelope breaks down

Prometaphase:

Kinetochores appear

Metaphase:

Chromosomes align in middle

Anaphase:

Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles

Telophase:

Nuclear envelope forms around separated chromosomes

Cytokinesis:

Division of cytoplasm into two daughter cells

DNA wound around __________ cores

Histone

Euchromatin:

Active chromatin

Heterochromatin:

Darkly stained; more tightly compacted/inaccessible

Humans are _________, meaning we contain ___ chromosomes

Diploid; 46

Tissues:

Collection of cells that are similar in structure and preform a similar function

Histology is the study of…

Tissues

Cytology is the study of…

Cells

What are the four basic types of tissues?

1. Epithelial

2. Connective

3. Muscular

4. Nervous

What are the two main components of tissues?

1. Unique cells

2. Extracellular matrix

What does it mean that epithelial tissue is avascular?

No blood supply

What are some functions of epithelial tissue?

Protection, absorption, filtration, excretion, secretion

With epithelial tissues, what could be their arrangement?

Simple (one layer) or stratified (multiple layers)

What could be the epithelial tissue shape?

1. Squamous (flat)

2. Cuboidal (cube)

3. Columnar (column)

What kind of tissue is this?

Simple squamous epithelium

What is the function of simple squamous epithelium?

Simple diffusion

What is the location of simple squamous epithelium?

Kidneys

What kind of tissue is this?

Simple cuboidal epithelium

What’s the function of simple cuboidal epithelium?

Absorption/secretion

What is the location of simple cuboidal epithelium?

Thyroid

What kind of tissue is this?

Simple columnar epithelium

Function of simple columnar epithelium:

Absorption/secretion

Location of simple columnar epithelium:

Gallbladder

What kins of tissue is this?

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium (ciliated!!)

Function of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium:

Secretes/propels mucus

Location of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium:

Nasal cavity

What kind of tissue is this?

Stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium (see nuclei)

Function of stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium:

Protection

Location of stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium:

Esophagus

What kind of tissue is this?

Stratified squamous keratinized epithelium (sharp divide; no nuclei)

Function of stratified squamous keratinized epithelium:

Protection

Location of stratified squamous keratinized epithelium:

Epidermis

How can you tell the difference between keratinized and non-keratinized tissues?

Keratinized has no nuclei, whole non-keratinized you can see nuclei

What kind of tissue is this?

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

Function of stratified cuboidal epithelium:

Absorption/secretion

Location of stratified cuboidal epithelium:

Ducts of salivary glands

What kind of tissue is this?

Transitional epithelium (looks pseudostratified, but isn’t due to location)

Function of transitional epithelium:

Distention

Location of transitional epithelium:

Urinary bladder

What kind of tissue is this?

Loose (areolar) connective tissue (high volume of matrix)

Function of loose areolar connective tissue:

Support/protection

Location of loose areolar connective tissue:

Walls of hollow organs

What kind of tissue is this?

Dense regular connective tissue (uniform direction)

Function of dense regular connective tissue:

Resist unidirectional stress

Location of dense regular connective tissue:

Tendons/ligaments

What kind of tissue is this?

Dense irregular connective tissue (irregular direction)

Function of dense irregular connective tissue:

Resist stress from all directions

Location of dense irregular connective tissue:

Around joints

What kind of tissue is this?

Dense elastic connective tissue (black fibers)

Function of dense elastic connective tissue:

Stretch/recoil

Location of dense elastic connective tissue:

Blood vessels

What kind of tissue is this?

Reticular connective tissue (looks like grapes; high contrast)

Function of reticular connective tissue:

Internal structure/support

Location of reticular connective tissue:

Spleen

What kind of tissue is this?

Adipose connective tissue (looks like fat)

Function of adipose connective tissue:

Insulation/shock absorption

Location of adipose connective tissue:

Surrounds heart

What cell type is in adipose tissue?

Adipocytes

What is cartilage?

Tough, flexible tissue that is resistant to tension and compressing forces

What are the three types of cartilage?

1. Hyaline

2. Fibrocartilage

3. Elastic cartilage