tourism

Macro perspective (tourism)

Looking at the big picture: not one hotel or tour, but the entire industry, its impact, and its role in the economy, society, and environment.

Tourism

From "tornus." Focuses on the destination: where people go and what they see and do. Its parts are attractions, transport, travel agencies, and tour operators (e.g., visiting Hundred Islands, joining a festival).

Hospitality

From "hospes." Focuses on the service and stay: where people sleep, eat, and how they are treated. Its parts are accommodation, food and beverage, events, and guest services.

Relationship between tourism and hospitality

Tourism attracts and hospitality delivers. Tourism brings the visitors, and hospitality provides the welcome and comfort that keeps them coming back.

Tourism's share of global GDP

10.3%, making it one of the world's largest industries.

Tourism's global economic output

$11.7 trillion.

Jobs supported by tourism worldwide

370 million+, or 1 in 10 jobs.

Tourism in the Philippines

One of the top sources of foreign income, and it creates jobs in the provinces too.

Key strength of tourism

It can grow in rural areas where other industries don't reach.

Resilient but fragile (tourism)

Tourism grows fast when people have money and peace but drops quickly during crises such as pandemics, conflict, and inflation.

Domestic tourist

Travels within their own country and stays overnight.

International tourist

Travels to a different country, or lives abroad and visits their home country, and stays overnight.

Excursionist

Visits for less than 24 hours with no overnight stay.

Components of tourism

Accommodation, transportation, food and beverage, travel services, and attractions.

Accommodation (component)

Where visitors sleep or stay overnight.

Transportation

How visitors get to the destination and move around.

Food and beverage

What visitors eat and drink during their stay.

Travel services

Planning, booking, and managing the trip.

Attractions (component)

What people come to see or experience.

Hotel

The most common type of accommodation: a commercial building with rooms, food, and services.

Resort

A complete vacation destination, not just a place to sleep.

Bed and breakfast (B&B)

Small and personal accommodation, usually in the owner's home.

Homestay

Living with a local family and staying in their home.

Motel (motor hotel)

Accommodation for road travelers, located along highways.

Hostel

Budget-friendly accommodation with shared rooms and facilities.

Serviced apartment / apartment hotel

Accommodation that feels like a home, with a full kitchen and living area.

Guesthouse / inn

Small and simple accommodation, between a B&B and a hotel.

Camping / glamping

Sleeping outdoors.

Five A's of tourism

Access, attractions, activities, amenities, and accommodation. When planning a destination, check all five and strengthen the weakest one first.

Access

How easy or hard it is to reach the place.

Attractions (Five A's)

Things to see and the main draws of a destination.

Activities

Experiences visitors can do while there.

Amenities

Basic facilities and comforts needed.

Accommodation (Five A's)

Places to sleep overnight.

Four service characteristics of tourism and hospitality

Intangibility, inseparability, variability, and inflexibility.

Intangibility

You cannot touch, see, or test the service before you buy it.

Inseparability

The service is produced and enjoyed at the same time, so you can't separate it from the provider.

Variability

The experience changes depending on who serves you, when, and how.

Inflexibility

You cannot easily shrink or cut costs when business is slow.

Keys to success in services

Services are experienced, not owned, so consistency, staff quality, and smart planning are the keys to success.

Direct impact

Money paid straight to tourism businesses by visitors.

Indirect impact

Tourism businesses buy from other local businesses.

Induced impact

People who work in tourism spend their wages locally.

Multiplier effect

Money keeps changing hands and creates more income and jobs.

Leakage

Money earned in tourism leaves the local economy.

Seasonality

Visitor numbers go up and down at certain times of the year.

Keeping money in the local economy

A destination does best when money stays inside the local economy: hire locals, buy local, own local.

Positive social and cultural impacts of tourism

Brings back dying traditions and crafts, makes locals proud of their home, creates jobs where few exist, and builds friendship and understanding between places.

Negative social and cultural impacts of tourism

Culture becomes just a show for tourists, visitors' lifestyles influence local habits, prices rise for locals too, and popular spots get crowded and noisy.

Best way to maximize benefits and reduce harms of tourism

Community involvement.

Environmental role of tourism

Tourism depends on clean beaches, forests, and mountains (nature is the #1 attraction). It can protect nature, since income pays for conservation, or harm it through too many visitors, poor waste management, and overbuilding.

Sustainable tourism

Using nature today without ruining it for tomorrow.

Butler's destination life cycle

Exploration, involvement, development, consolidation, stagnation, then decline or rejuvenation.

Exploration (Butler)

Very few visitors; the place is quiet and unchanged.

Involvement (Butler)

Locals start offering services to visitors.

Development (Butler)

Big investment arrives and the place grows fast.

Consolidation (Butler)

Growth slows; the destination is well known and established.

Stagnation (Butler)

Visitor numbers level off or drop; the place feels crowded or outdated.

Decline (Butler)

Fewer visitors come and businesses close.

Rejuvenation (Butler)

The destination reinvents itself, improves, and adds new experiences.