Bio 168 Chapter 6 Osseous Tissue Application Questions

Which of the following types of cartilage provides support with flexibility and resilience and is the most abundant in the body?

Hyaline cartilage

A patient with damage to their intervertebral discs would primarily have an injury involving which type of cartilage?

Fibrocartilage

Which cartilage type is found in the external ear and the epiglottis?

Elastic cartilage

What surrounds cartilage and contains blood vessels for nutrient delivery?

Perichondrium

Which type of cartilage growth occurs when chondrocytes divide and secrete new matrix from within the lacunae?

Interstitial growth

The calcification of cartilage normally occurs during

Youth and old age

Which function of bone is directly related to the storage of calcium and phosphorus?

Storage

Hematopoiesis, or blood cell formation, primarily occurs in:

Red marrow

Which hormone produced by bone helps regulate bone formation?

Osteocalcin

The axial skeleton consists of:

Skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage

The bones of the limbs (except kneecap, wrist, and ankle bones) are classified as:

Long bones

The patella is an example of a:

Sesamoid bone

Which bone type is thin, flat, and slightly curved?

Flat bone

Which of the following bones are classified as irregular bones?

Vertebrae and hip bones

The dense outer layer of bone that looks smooth to the naked eye is:

Compact bone

Kamal broke his humerus about half-way between his wrist and shoulder. What part of the bone did he break?

Diaphysis

In flat bones, spongy bone is referred to as:

Diploë

The expanded ends of a long bone are called the:

Epiphyses

Which structure marks the remnant of the growth plate between the diaphysis and epiphysis?

Epiphyseal line

The periosteum is secured to bone by

Sharpey's fibers

Which delicate membrane covers the internal surfaces of bone?

Endosteum

In adults, red marrow is mainly found in:

Trabecular cavities of flat bones and heads of femur and humerus

Bone markings such as trochanters, spines, and tubercles serve primarily as:

Sites of muscle and ligament attachment

The structural unit of compact bone is called the

Osteon (Haversian system)

Which microscopic structures connect osteocytes in lacunae to each other and the central canal?

Canaliculi

Spongy bone differs from compact bone in that it:

Has trabeculae aligned along lines of stress

Which component of bone provides tensile strength and flexibility?

Collagen fibers

The inorganic mineral salts of bone are primarily:

Calcium phosphate crystals

A newborn is diagnosed with a skeletal disorder where flat bones fail to form properly. Which developmental process is most likely impaired?

Intramembranous ossification

A child's X-ray shows defective replacement of cartilage with bone in long bones. Which process is directly disrupted?

Interstitial growth

A fetus has normal hyaline cartilage models but lacks the vascular invasion necessary for ossification. Which step of endochondral ossification is failing?

Periosteal bud invasion

A fetus shows poor development of the clavicle and cranial bones. Which tissue type failed to provide the proper starting structure for bone?

Fibrous connective tissue

If osteoblasts beneath the periosteum become inactive during childhood, which type of growth would be most affected?

Appositional growth

A child has stunted bone length but normal width. Which growth zone of the epiphyseal plate is most likely malfunctioning?

Proliferation zone

A 16-year-old athlete breaks her femur. The fracture occurs across the growth plate, damaging the ossification zone. What long-term outcome is most likely?

Premature closure of the epiphyseal plate

In a teenager, estrogen levels rise prematurely. Which bone effect is most likely?

Premature closure of the epiphyseal plate

An astronaut returns from space with decreased bone mass. Which principle explains this phenomenon?

Wolff's Law

A patient fractures his ulna. On biopsy, you see unmineralized seams adjacent to mineralized bone. What is happening?

New bone deposition

In an experiment, osteoclast activity is inhibited but osteoblasts remain active. What effect will this have on bone remodeling?

Bones become denser

If parathyroid glands are surgically removed, what immediate effect on bone would you expect?

Decreased bone resorption

A patient's thyroid tumor causes overproduction of calcitonin. Which result is most likely?

Excessive calcium deposition in bone

A runner fractures her tibia. Initially, the site is swollen and painful. What is occurring at this stage?

Hematoma formation

If osteoclasts are defective, which stage of fracture healing would be most directly impaired?

Bone remodeling

A fracture heals but the bone is abnormally thin. Which step of healing failed to respond adequately to mechanical stress?

Bone remodeling

A 75-year-old woman fractures her hip while walking. Which factor most likely contributed?

Osteoporosis

A patient shows excessive spongy bone formation, irregular trabeculae, and reduced mineralization. Which disease is most consistent?

Paget's disease

If bone resorption exceeds deposition, which physiological risk increases most?

Hypercalcemia

An athlete increases training intensity and shows denser femoral bones. Which cells are primarily responsible for adapting bone to this stress?

Osteoblasts

When blood calcium levels rise above 11mg/100ml, which hormone is secreted?

Calcitonin

When blood calcium levels fall below 9mg/100ml, which hormone is released?

parathyroid hormone

Which bone cells are stimulated by calcitonin?

osteoblasts

Which bone cells are stimulated by parathyroid hormone?

osteoclasts