Microbio chapter 12 eukaryotic organisms

fungi are studied alongside which study

mycology

some fungi are ____ and ___ to humans causing infections

harmful and pathogenic

broad characteristics of fungi

either aerobic or facultative anaerobic

chemoheterotrophs

decomposers

parasitic (pathogenic)

fungi are either (structurally)

multicellular or unicellular

types of multicellular organisms

molds and mushrooms (fungi)

multicellular organisms contain

thallus, hyphae, mycelia

describe thallus

entire structure/body of cell

describe hyphae

filament of cells

types of structural hyphae

septate and coenocytic

describe septate

look like individual cells where nuclei are separated by septa; continuous cytoplasm

describe coenocytic

continuous filament with multiple nuclei, not separated and lack septa; continuous cytoplasm

types of functional hyphae

vegetative and reproductive

describe vegetative hyphae

more concerned with obtaining nutrients

function of a hyphae

describe reproductive hyphae

involved in reproduction

produce spores/ are the spore

describe mycelia

mass of hyphae

mycelia are able to

be seen with the naked eye

types of unicellular organisms

yeast

yeast reproduce via

fission and budding

describe fission yeast

divide symmetrically (similar to binary fission)

describe budding

asymmetrical division

example of budding

saccharomyces —→ 1 yeast cell divides into 24 daughter cells

if buds do not separate from daughter cell what happens

create psuedohyphae

describe pseudohyphae

short chain of buds

example of pseudohyphae buds

candida albicans

describe dimorphic fungi

fungi that can take on many forms depending on their environment

example of dimorphic fungi

yeast at 37° C and mold at 25° C

fungi can reproduce either

asexually or sexually

describe asexual reproduction

starts with 1 organism and end up with genetically identical daughter cells

daughter cells of asexual reproduction are

spores

spore suffix means

spore itself

phore suffix means

where spores are released from

describe conidiospores

NOT enclosed in sac

types of conidiospores

anthroconidia

blastoconidia

chlamydoconidia

describe Anthroconidia

spread via fragmentation of septate hyphae into single slightly thickened cells

describe blastoconidia

formed from buds from parent cell

describe chlamydocondia

formed internally by rounding an enlargement within a hyphal segment

describe sporangiospores

formed in an enclosed sac at the end of aerial hyphae

what is the sac in sporangiospores

sporangium

what is the aerial hyphae in sporangiospores

sporangiophore

describe sexual reproduction

2 mating strains —→ nuclear fusion

nuclear fusion results in

genetically distinct daughters

steps of sexual reproduction for fungi

plasmogamy

karyogamy

meiosis

describe plasmogamy

diffusion of cytoplasm ; nucleus of donor penetrates cytoplasm of the recipient only (no fusion of nuclei)

dikaryon takes place during what step

plasmogamy

describe dikaryon

2 nuclei in one cell (n + n)

describe karyogamy

nuclear fusion (exchanging genes)

diploid takes place during what step

karyogamy (2n)

describe meiosis

2n—→ n (separate sexual spores)

haploid takes place during which step

meiosis

spores from meiosis are not identical but may be

recombinant

fungi can grow at a low pH of what (compared to bacteria at 7)

optimal is 5

fungi can be resistant to

osmotic pressures in high salt/sugar environments

fungi can grow in

low moisture environments

fungi require less __ for growth

nitrogen

fungi metabolize what

complex carbs

example of fungi metabolizing complex carbs

lignin from wood

how can fungi be pathogenic agriculturally

disrupt food

phyla of medically important fungi

zygomycota

microsporidia

asomycota

basidiomycota

zygomycota is found in

black bread molds

zygomycota have

coenocytic hyphae

zygomycota can reproduce asexually via

sporangiospores (in sac)

Zygomycota can reproduce sexually via

zygospores (spores)

most fungi reproduce

asexually

asexual reproduction requires

less energy

fungi can switch to sexual reproduction if there is a

change in environment (pH and temp)

describe microsporidia

lack mitochondria and microtubules

where do microsporidia get their energy from

another energy source

microsporidia are (in terms of energy)

obligate intracellular parasites

microsporidia can cause what in AIDS patients

diarrhea and keratoconjunctivitis

describe Ascomycota

septate hyphae and produce ascospores

describe ascospores

sexual spores in a sac (sexual reproduction)

condiospores of ascomycota is used for

asexual reproduction

describe basidiomycota

septate hyphae that produce basidiospores formed on a pedestal (basidium)

what shape is formed from basidiomycota

club shape / mushroom

asexual spores of basidiomycota

conidium

telemorphic fungi

make/produce asexual and sexual spores

anamorphic fungi

make/produce asexual spores only

examples of anamorphic spores

some ascomyates and penicillum

types of fungal diseases

systemic

subcutaneous

cutaneous

superficial

opportunistic

describe systemic mycoses

spreads across the body

fungal infections deep inside body

affects multiple organs and tissues

why is systemic mycoses involved in people with weak immune systems

due to the mycoses size, regular immune systems can resist

describe subcutaneous mycoses

just beneath the skin

fungal infection inside a scape/cut

describe cutaneous mycoses

feed off keratinized-containing tissues (hair, skin, nails)

cutaneous mycoses are known as

dermatophytes

describe tineas (cutaneous)

athletes foot, scalp infections, jock itch

describe superficial mycoses

localized on hair shaft or superficial skin cells

fungal infections in tropical climates

describe opportunistic mycoses

caused by fungi that are not usually pathogenic but with access to certain tissues that do cause disease

examples of opportunistic mycoses

pneumocysitis

murocomycosis

candidiasis

describe pneumocysitis

inflammation of the lungs via fungus

describe murocomycosis

black fungus, fungal infection

describe candidiasis

overgrowth of yeast (primarily on tongue and vagina)

opportunistic mycoses affects

any tissue but usually systemic

economically yeast are

living yeast cells used to bake

economically molds can lead to

food spoilage (fruits, vegetables, grains)

molds can also cause disease in plants by

spores spreading

algae characteristics

unicellular or multicellular

filamentous

live in aquatic environments

most are photoautotrophs

multicellular algae are

thallic

multicellular algae look like

a plant underwater

what is the body of algae

thallus

what is the thallus made up of

holdfast

stipe

blades