CSD- Speech and Lang Devevelopment- Midterm Vocab

Metalinguistic

thinking about language

suprasegmental devices

change the form and meanijng of a sentence by acting across segments of the sentence

• ex: stress, speed, pause

paralinguistics

the vocal features that are not the words themselves, but are added to speech to change meaning or convey emotion

nonlinguistic

the visual or physical actions that accompany speech

• ex: body language

Phonology

the sound units and sequences

• “the rules governing the structure, distribution, and sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllables

semantics

system of rules governing the meaning or content of words and word combinations

syntax

word order and their relationships

• specifies word, phrase, and clause order: sentence organization; and the realationships between words, word classes, and other sentence elements

ex) this is a rabbit vs. a is rabbit this

morphology

words and word beginnings and/or endings

• internal organization of words

• words consist of one/mult. morphemes

pragmatics

study of language in context and concentrates on language as a communication tool that is used to achieve social ends

Speech

verbal or oral means of communication that uses the sounds of the language

dialects (def 1)

subcategories of the parent language that use similar but not identical rules

dialects (def 2)

a language rule system used by an identifiable group of people that varies in some way from a typical language’s standard

Cognitivist theory (learning theories)

concerned with the thought process behind the behaviors of language and changes in behavior are indictive of that thought process

behavioral theory (learning theories)

children learn language through direct reienforcment and punishment

• focuses on observable behaviors

social constructionalist (learning theory)

knowledge is constructed within social context through interactions

• individuals understanding and knowledge are obtained via experience and reflections on those experiences

language def

a socially shard code or system for representing concepts through the use of arbitrary symbols and rule governed combinations of those symbols

morpheme

the smallest grammatical/meaningful unit (undivisible)

free morphemes

independent

• can stand alone

ex) dog, happy

bound morphemes

grammatical markers that cannot function independently

ex) un-, non-, -ly,

derivational morphemes

changes the whole class of words

• are prefixes and suffixes

ex) slow/slowly, mad/madness, true/untrue

inflectional morphemes

• suffixes only

• change the state or increase precision of a free morpheme

ex) sally/sally’s walk/walks

Phoneme

smalledt linguistic unit of sound that can signal a difference in meaning

style shifting

variation from formal to informal styles

Zone of proximal development

suggests that the easiest things for a child to learn are those closest or proximal to what he already knows

psycholinguistics

study of how people acquire and process language

attention

actively focusing on info

working memory

temporarily holds info while its being processed

organization

info is remembered better when it is organized

explicit memory

aka declarative

• responsible for facts, events, meanings, and concepts

implicit memory

aka procedural memory

• responsible for skills and routines

  • ex: producing grammatical sentences

joint reference: deixis

refers to words or behaviors whose meaning depends on the context of the interation

joint reference; naming

involves learning that words consistently refer to particular people, objects, actoins, or concepts

• babies understand words before they can use them

protoimperatives

indicate requests (command)

protodeclaratives

pointing or showing to maintain join attention (comment)

gaze coupling

a turn-taking pattern in which partners alternate between making and breaking eye contact

context as scaffold

parents and caregivers use situational context to augment verbal communication, making meaninf accessible to preverbal infants

caregiver provides opportunity for learnign withou…

direct instruction

• regulates amount of stimulation and timing of it

three parts to interactions between infant and caregiver

• factors

• refrences

  • joint reference

what might a conversational “turn” be filled by (4)

• gaze

• facial expression

• body movements

• vocalizations

sensitive period

portions of the brain become perceptually biased

echolalia

immediate imitation of another speaker

• 8-12 mo

exchange mode

simple social interactions “turn-taking

reciprocal mode

Interactions organized around a shared task or activity (e.g.,playing with a toy together)

Game playing

mother and infant develop a unique set of interpersonal games,which becomes ritualized Ex: playing “peek-a-boo

Routines

Repeated activities create scripts with predictable "slots" for the infant's participation

protoconversations

infants and caregivers develop reciprocal, alternating patterns of vocalizations

exeutive funciton

The ability to: Plan, organize, monitor performance, and/or Manage multiple cognitive tasks to achieve a goal

passive processing

incoming data are analyzed in fragments until enough information can be combined to be recognized as a pattern.

active processing

using a comparator strategy (World Knowledge) that matches input with a previously stored or a generated pattern/mental model

serial processing

Information is processed step-by-step, with one stage completed before moving to the next

• more percise and detailed

  • slower and requires more cognitive effort

parallel processing

multiple aspects of information are processed simultaneously

• faster and more efficient

• helps the brain anaylze meaning, conext, and realtionships at the same time

metacognition

your knowledge of your own cognitive and memory processes

• facilitates encoding and retrieval and the use of problem-solving strategies

gray matter

primary neuon cell bodies

white matter

fiber tracts connection brain regions