Applied Gait Knee/Hip

Huffaker

Knee - initial contact ROM

flexed 5 degrees

Knee - initial contact TD

extension torque

Knee - initial contact MA

quads are contracting eccentrically. hamstrings are active to counteract the extension torque (concentrically)

Knee - initial contact FS

extension torque stabilizes the knee

Knee - Loading response ROM

flexes to 15 degrees

Knee - Loading response TD

flexion torque caused by the heel rocker and position of the body behind the foot

Knee - Loading response MA

eccentric quads absorb shock and control knee flexion

Knee - Loading response FS

shock is absorbed and limb stability is maintained while forward progression continues

Knee - mid stance ROM

extends to 5 degrees of flexion

Knee - mid stance TD

extension torque

Knee - mid stance MA

quads contract concentrically to initiate knee extension, calf muscles limit tibial progression allowing the femur to advance faster than the tibia

Knee - mid stance FS

knee stability is maintained by the extension torque and calf muscle activity

Knee - terminal stance ROM

flexion 5 degrees

Knee - terminal stance TD

extension torque peaks then diminishes

Knee - terminal stance MA

essentially no muscle activity, may see slight eccentric quads. calf muscles hold the tibia. in some individuals the bicep femoris short head contracts to prevent knee hyperextension.

Knee - terminal stance FS

joint stability is maintained as forward progression continues

Knee - pre swing ROM

flexes to 40 degrees

Knee - pre swing TD

flexion torque

Knee - pre swing MA

hamstrings concentric. minimal knee flexor activity from the gracilis assists the hamstrings. (transfer of weight to the contralateral limb and plantar flexion at the ankle generate a flexion torque)

Knee - pre swing FS

rapid knee flexion and knee flexion is more than half that needed in swing

Knee - initial swing ROM

flexes to 60 degrees, max amount of knee flexion required during gait

Knee - initial swing TD

knee flexion torque

Knee - initial swing MA

concentric activity of the bicep femoris short head, sartorius and gracilis peak. (sartorius and gracilis assist the hamstrings to flex the knee)

Knee - initial swing FS

foot clears the floor

Knee - mid swing ROM

extends to 25 degrees of flexion

Knee - mid swing TD

flexor torque but movement toward an extension torque assists with knee extension

Knee - mid swing MA

quads begin to contract concentrically knee extension is assisted by momentum and gravity.

Knee - mid swing FS

knee extension is necessary for step length

Knee - terminal swing ROM

extends to 0 degrees then flexes to 5 degrees

Knee - terminal swing TD

knee extension torque

Knee - terminal swing MA

quads contract concentrically for complete knee extension. hamstrings contract eccentrically to decelerate the swinging extremity.

Knee - terminal swing FS

the leg reaches out for adequate step length

Hip - initial contact ROM

flexion 20 degrees

Hip - initial contact TD

flexion torque

Hip - initial contact MA

gluteus max and hamstrings (acting as a hip extensor) concentrically contract

Hip - initial contact FS

hip is in position of forward reach

Hip - loading response ROM

flexion 20 degrees

Hip - loading response TD

flexion torque, adduction torque begins

Hip - loading response MA

gluteus max, adductor magnus and the hamstrings contract concentrically to counteract the flexion torque

Hip - loading response FS

hip is stable during shock absorption. trunk flexion is prevented and the hip os stabilized

Hip - mid stance ROM

extends to neutral (0 degrees)

Hip - mid stance TD

contralateral swing leg moves the body past the stance leg. this changes from a flexion to an extension torque by the end of mid stance. adduction torque continues

Hip - mid stance MA

hip adductors stabilize the pelvis to prevent dropping of the contralateral pelvis

iliopsoas and adductors eccentric

Hip - mid stance FS

stable joint

Hip - terminal stance ROM

extends to 20 degrees

Hip - terminal stance TD

hip extension torque. adduction torque diminishes

Hip - terminal stance MA

iliopsoas and adductors eccentric to prevent further extension of the hip

Hip - terminal stance FS

body advances past the foot for step length and the limb remains stable

Hip - pre swing ROM

thigh falls forward flexing to 10 degrees of extension

Hip - pre swing TD

extension torque diminishes

Hip - pre swing MA

iliopsoas and adductor longus concentrically contributes to the hip flexing

Hip - pre swing FS

limb advancement begins. hip flexion contributes to knee flexion for swing

Hip - initial swing ROM

flexion 15 degrees

Hip - initial swing TD

flexor torque

Hip - initial swing MA

iliopsoas and adductor longus remains active, concentric contraction

Hip - initial swing FS

limb advancement continues

Hip - mid swing ROM

flexion to 25 degrees

Hip - initial swing TD

hip flexion torque

Hip - initial swing MA

iliopsoas concentric, hamstrings become active eccentrically

Hip - initial swing FS

momentum created by the swinging limb helps carry the body over the contralateral limb

Hip - terminal swing ROM

extends 5 degrees to 20 degrees of flexion

Hip - terminal swing TD

hip flexion torque diminishes

Hip - terminal swing MA

hamstrings decelerate the leg in preparation for ground contact (eccentric) adductor magnus and gluteus max contract concentrically to stabilize the hip

Hip - terminal swing FS

limb is positioned for initial contact

Pelvis - Inttial contact

5 degrees for forward rotation

Pelvis - loading response

5 degrees for forward rotation

Pelvis - mid stance

backward rotation to neutral

Pelvis - terminal stance

5 degrees of backward rotation

Pelvis - pre swing

5 degrees of backward rotation

Pelvis - initial swing

5 degrees of backward rotation

Pelvis - mid swing

forward rotation to neutral

Pelvis - terminal swing

5 degrees for forward rotation

Trunk rotation

rotates approx 5 degrees

results in shoulder rotation which causes arm swing

direction of rotation of the shoulder is opposite to the direction of rotation of the pelvis

trunk appears erect

Trunk MA

obliques are active through out the gait cycle

bilateral back extensors are active to stabilize the trunk during loading response

ipsilateral erector spinae are active during pre swing