Ch.10) Contraceptions

Birth control (contraception)

refers to methods of perventing conception

Conception

where sperm reaches an egg, usally in the fallopian tube

Fertility

a person’s ability to reproduce

Perfect-use failure fate

and typical failure rate

number of pregnancies likely to occur (per 100) in first year

of use of a method if used consistently and

accurately

number of

pregnancies likely to occur (per 100) in first year

of use of a method if not used consistently and

accurately

Methods of birth control; Barrier methods:

contraceptive methods that block the meeting of egg and sperm by means of a physcial barrier

Hormonal methods

contraceptive mthods that introduce sythetic hormones into the women’s system to prevent ovulation, thicken cervical mucus, or prevent a fertilzied egg from implanting

Permanent methods

contraceptive methods that surgically block sperm’s avility to fertilize egg

Behavioral methods:

temporary or permanent abstience or planning intercourse around fertility patterns

The male condom

82 percent effective

Female condom

79 percent effective with 21 percent typical failure

Jelllies, creams, foams, suppositories and film

-No precription

-They kill sperm

-Can be used with barrier methods

-72 percent effective when used alone

-Can be messy

-Can be allergic

Diaphragm with spermicidal jelly or cream

-fits over the cervix

-used 6hrs before intercourse

-used with other barrier methods

-left in place 6-8 hours after intercourse

-lower typica-use failure rate (12%) than other barrier methods

-SHOULD NOT BE LEFT LONGER THAN THAT

Cervical cap with spermicidal jelly or cream

Same thing as diaphragm but the typical failure rate is 14 percent

Contraceptive sponge

-made if foam

-does nto require fiiting

-lasts up to 24hrs

-leave in place for at least 6hrs

-12 percent of typical-use failure rate for those who have not previously given birth and 24 prevent for those who have

Hormonal methods/contraception

-contains synthetic estrogen and/or progestin

-prevents ovulation or a fertilized egg from implanting

-does not protect against STIs

-Transdermal, injection, and oral forms

-requires a prescription

Oral contraceptives

-prevent ovulation

-estrogen and progesterone

-tooken daily

-may lessen menstrual difficulties

-associated with health problems: blood clots, stroke, heart attac, high blood pressure

-typical use, 91 percent effective

Progestin-only pills

-progesteron and no estrogen

-taken continuously

-Good for women who have

-have diabetes have highblood pressure or cardiovascular conditions

-are older than age 35

-are breast-feeding

Contraceptive skin patch

-worn for 1 week

-replaced on the same day of the week for 3 consecutive weeks

• Delivers estrogen and progestin through the skin bloodstream

• -typical use 91%

Vaginal contraceptive ring

NuvaRing

-soft flexible plastic ring

-offers protection for 1 month

-releases estrogen and progestion

-91 percent effective with typical use

-fewer estrogen-related side effects

-can increase gaginal discharge and vaginal irrtation or infection

Contraceptive injections: Depo Provera

Sythetic progesterone that is injected every 3 months

-6% typical failure rate

-lighter menstrual periods

-no estrogen related health risk

-common side effects: dizzness, nervousness, headache, loss of bone density

-cannot be stopped immediately if problems arise

Contraceptive implants

Neplanon(or implanon) inserted just beneath the skin

-releases progestin for up to 3 years

-thpicalfailure rate is less than 1%

-lightening or cessation of menstrual periods

-no estrogen related side effects

-saffe for breast feeding women

-con: expensive and must be inserte by a clinician

Emergency Contraception

-emergency contraception is used to prevent pregenacy after unprotected intercourse

-most effective up 72 hours after a condom breaks, sexual assault, unprotected sex

-plan b one-step no age restrictions

-10% of sexually active college students reported using emergency contraception within the past school year

Intraterine contraceptives

-Intraterine contraceptives (IUD)

-small, plastic flexible devices in the uterus

-left foor 5 to 10 years

-the exact mechanism by which IUDs work is not clearly understood, but researchers believe IUDs affect the way the sperm and the egg move, thereby preventing fertilization, and/or affect the lining of the uterus ot prevent a fertilized ovum from implantings

intrauterine contraceptives (cont.)

-ParaGard

-a t-shaped plastic device with copper wrapped around the shaft; doesn not contain any hormones and is effective for 10 years

Mirena

-effective for 5 years and releases small amounts of progestin

Skyla

-lower dose and smaller sized version of mirena

-IUDs may cause discomfort, heavy menstrual flow, severe cramps; pose risk of ectopic pregnancy, pelvic inflammatory diease, infertility, and tubal infections

behavivoral methods: withdrawal

-removing the penis from the vagina just prior to ejaculation

-highly unreliable, offers no protections against stis

abstinence

deliberately avoding intercourse

-massaging, kissing, solitary masturbation

-100 percent effective against pregnancy and STIs

outercourse

includes oral/genital sex and mutual masturbation

-can be 100 percent effective aganist pregnacy if male doesn’t ejaculate near the vaginal opening

-not effective at preveting STIs

Fertility awareness methods: Cervical mucus method

-check color and consistency to determine fertile times

-avoid sexual activity when mucus is present and for several days afterward

Body temperature method

a woman basal body temperature rises between 0.4 and 0.8 degrees after ovulation

-abstain froms exual activity befire the temperature rise until several days after the temperature rise is observed

Calender method

assumes that ovulation occurs during the midpoint of the cycle

-these methods offer no sti protection, and may work for women with irregular menstrual period

female sterilization tubal ligation:

-fallpian tubes sealed or servered to block sperm

hysterectomy

major surgery that removes uterus

male sterilization: vasectomy: .

-piece of vas deferens is removed and ends are tied sewn shut

• It does not affect sexual performance.

• It is highly effective.

• It offers no protections against STIs.