NUR 205 - exam 2

modeling

Learning by observing others

Moralizing

Values taught by institutions

Laissez-faire

Developing values independently with little guidance

Rewarding and punishing

Behaviors reinforced through rewards or consequences

Responsible choice

Exploring values and consequences with support

Values

1. Choosing - decision based on values

2. Prizing - feeling happy

3. Acting - consistent behavior

Nursing value - Altruism

Selfless concern and action for another person's benefit.

Nursing values - Autonomy

Respecting a patient's right to make their own healthcare decisions.

Nursing values - human dignity

Treating every person with compassion, privacy, and respect.

Nursing values - integrity

Acting honestly, ethically, and with accountability.

Nursing value - social justice

Promoting equal treatment and access to quality healthcare.

Reverence

Altruism

Integrity

Integrity

Service

Social justice

Excellence

human dignity

Stewardship

autonomy

patient centered care

Patient-centered care means treating the patient as an active member of the healthcare team.

Florence Nightingale

Environmental Theory

Change the patient's surroundings to promote healing.

Jean Watson

Theory of Human Caring

Promote harmony between mind, body, and spirit through caring relationships.

Kristen Swanson

Theory of Caring

Use caring actions that support patient dignity, empowerment, and well-being.

Environmental Theory

• Ventilation and warmth

• Light and noise

• Cleanliness

• Bed and bedding

• Personal hygiene

• Food

• Observation

• Hope and advice

Theory of Human Caring

• Develop trusting relationships.

• Be emotionally present.

• Care for yourself so you can effectively care for others.

• Support harmony between mind, body, and spirit.

Theory of Caring

five caring processes

CP - maintaining belief

Having faith in the patient's ability to get through a situation.

CP - Knowing

Understanding the patient's experience.

CP - being with

Being emotionally present for the patient.

CP - doing for

Helping the patient with things they cannot do independently.

CP - enabling

Providing information and support to help the patient manage their situation

holistic nursing

considers the whole person, including their physical, psychological, and spiritual needs

Caring behaviors

listening, touch, presence, comfort, and compassion

Prov 1

Compassion, respect, and human dignity.

Prov 2

The nurse's primary commitment is to the recipient of care.

Prov 3

Promote social justice, eliminate health inequities, and advocate through policy

Conventional medicine

Standard medical treatments provided by healthcare professionals. ex. surgery

Complementary therapy

Nonconventional therapy used with conventional medicine. ex. meditation used with prescribed treatment

Alternatice therapy

treatment used instead of conventional medicine. ex. substituting and herbal treatment for prescribed medical treatment

Integrative health

A whole-person approach combining conventional care with appropriate complementary therapies. ex, medical treatment alongside yoga

complementary

with conventional medicine

alternative

instead of conventional medicine

integrative

combined, whole person approach

Biological and Botanical therapy

Natural substances or products.

Mind-Body therapy

Focuses on the connection between mind, body, and brain.

manual therapy

physical, hands on therapies

Nonpharmacological Therapies

• Deep breathing

• Mindfulness and meditation

• Prayer

• Aromatherapy

• Acupuncture

• Hypnotherapy

Alternative Systems of Care

Therapy	Key fact from slides
Ayurveda	Traditional system originating in India.
Traditional Chinese Medicine	Traditional system associated with China.
Kampo	Japanese traditional medicine.
Naturopathy	System with European origins.
Homeopathy	Based on the idea that the body can heal itself.

Natural Products

• Aloe vera

• Chamomile

• Cranberry

• Echinacea

weight

kilogram (kg), gram (g), milligram (mg), microgram (mcg)

volume

liter (L), milliliter (mL)

Length

meter (m), centimeter (cm), millimeter (mm)

Temperature

Celsius (°C), Fahrenheit

1kg

1,000g

1g

1,000 mg

1mg

1,000 mcg

1 L

1,000 mL

1m

100cm

1cm

10mm

Culture

Shared beliefs, values, behaviors, customs, language, and traditions that influence how people live.

Acculturation

Learning or adopting cultural traits from another group

Assimilation

One culture merging into another cultural group

Ethnocentrism

Focusing on or judging others through one's own culture

Cultural competence

Providing evidence-based care that respects patients' cultural needs

LEARN Model

A communication tool used to provide culturally appropriate care.

L

listen

E

explain

A

acknowledge

R

recommend

N

negotiate

Cultural Nursing Assessment

• Dietary preferences and restrictions

• Preferred language and communication needs

• Religious and spiritual beliefs

• Personal health practices

• Family roles and social customs

• Birth and death rituals

Nursing Responsibilities

• Recognize their own implicit and unconscious biases.

• Provide a qualified, facility-approved medical interpreter.

• Speak clearly and avoid complicated medical terminology.

• Provide educational materials in the patient's preferred language.

• Use pictures and videos when appropriate.

• Support cultural, religious, dietary, and family preferences.

• Identify barriers such as discrimination, prejudice, and health disparities.

Spirituality

Awareness of the inner self, a higher being, or a purpose greater than oneself.

Religion

An organized structure through which people may express spiritual beliefs.

Faith

Belief in a higher power or something beyond direct evidence

Hope

Expectation or optimism for a positive outcome

Transcendence

Belief in a force or meaning beyond oneself

Spiritual well-being

Feeling connected to one's beliefs, purpose, or others

Spiritual distress

Difficulty finding meaning, comfort, or support through one's beliefs

Intrapersonal

Connection within oneself.

Interpersonal

Connection with other people.

Transpersonal

Connection with a higher power

FICA

FICA helps nurses understand a patient's spiritual beliefs, how important they are, whether they have a supportive community, and how those beliefs should be addressed in care.

FICA - F

faith

FICA - I

importance

FICA - C

community

FICA - A

address

HOPE Spiritual Assessment Tool

• H — Hope: Sources of hope, strength, comfort, and meaning.

• O — Organized religion: Whether the patient belongs to a religious group.

• P — Personal spirituality and practices: Personal beliefs, prayer, meditation, or spiritual activities.

• E — Effects on medical care and end-of-life issues: How spiritual beliefs influence healthcare decisions.

Implicit bias

Unconscious beliefs or attitudes that may affect behavior

Explicit bias

Conscious beliefs or attitudes about a group

Equality

Everyone receives the same resources.

Equity

Everyone receives support based on their needs.

Social Determinants of Health

Economic Stability

• Income, employment, poverty, and financial resources.

Education Access and Quality

• Education opportunities and literacy.

Healthcare Access and Quality

• Insurance, available providers, and access to healthcare.

Neighborhood and Built Environment

• Safe housing, transportation, and neighborhood conditions.

Social and Community Context

• Support systems, relationships, and community conditions.

Vulnerable Populations

older adults, children, pregnant women, immigrants, migrant workers, people experiencing homelessness or poverty, people with chronic illnesses or disabilities, veterans, prisoners, LGBTQIA individuals, and rural communities.

Madeline Leininger's Transcultural Nursing Theory

This means providing care that respects and integrates a patient's cultural beliefs and practices.

Leininger's Sunrise Enabler

1. Worldview (Level One):

   • Represents how individuals and groups look at the world, perceive life, and understand their environment. [1, 2]

2. Cultural and Social Structure Dimensions (Level Two):

   • Multiple factors that shape a person’s worldview and behaviorFolk,

   • 3. Professional, and Nursing Care Systems (Level Three):

     • Examines the interaction between traditional or generic folk care systems (client/lay beliefs and practices) and professional healthcare systems

     • 4. Nursing Care Decisions and Actions (Level Four):

       • Guides the nurse in choosing one of three action modes:

         • Culture Care Preservation / Maintenance: Retaining beneficial cultural practices.

         • Culture Care Accommodation / Negotiation: Adapting care to fit the patient's cultural habits.

         • Culture Care Repatterning / Restructuring: Helping a patient modify harmful or unsafe lifeways toward healthier outcomes. [1]

Preservation

Supporting an existing cultural practice

Accommodation / Negotiation

Adapting care to respect cultural practices while maintaining safety

Repatterning / Restructuring

Helping a patient modify practices for better health outcomes