Exam III Pt.2

Is toxoplasmosis zoonotic?

Yes

How is toxoplasmosis transmitted to humans?

Cats or undercooked meat

How to not get toxoplasmosis?

Wash hands, clean litterbox, indoor cats, cook meat

Who is most at risk for toxoplasmosis?

Pregnant women and immunocompromised

What species is a definitive host for toxoplasmosis?

Cat

The organism which supports the adult or sexually reproductive form of a parasite

Definitive host

What are the signs of toxoplasmosis?

Mostly asymptomatic; mild diarrhea and loss of appetite (Systemic infection will infect liver, pancreas, intestines, lymph nodes, spleen, CNS)

Altered infectious agents that have the desired effect of inducing an immune response which confers complete or partial protection from the disease

Vaccine

Important against viral disease

Vaccines

An animal’s capacity to resist infection with a disease as a result of adequate levels of circulating antibodies and reactions of the cellular component of the immune system against disease

Immunity

Species-species immunity

Natural immunity

Disease that infects one species may not infect another species (Ex. the corona virus for the cat will not affect the dog and the corona virus for the dog will not infect the cat)

Natural immunity

Aka acquired immunity

Passive immunity

When an animal receives a source of antibodies from another animal or other source

Passive immunity

Most important immunity from colostrum

Passive immunity

An animal’s immune system is challenged by an antigen and responds by producing antibodies against that antigen

Active immunity

T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes and macrophages recognize antigens and initiates a rapid immune response

Cell mediated immunity

Produces circulating antibodies that neutralize toxins and viruses and help to deactivate the microorganisms

Humoral immunity

Activated when an animal is vaccinated against a disease

Humoral immunity

The microorganism responsible for a disease has been weakened or “attenuated”

Modified live vaccination

The modified virus replicates in the host animal but does not cause illness

Modified live vaccination

Vaccination that induces immunity more rapidly and can produce long lasting immunity

Modified live vaccination

Contain an inactivated or “killed” form of the infectious agent

Killed vaccine

Is unable to cause disease but can stimulate a humoral imune response

Killed vaccine

More stable than modified live and longer shelf life

Killed vaccine

Safer for pregnant animals

Killed vaccine

Must contain an adjuvant (a chemical to function to induce a mild inflammatory response)

Killed vaccine

Produced by selecting the specific gene from a virus or bacteria that code for antigens that produce a strong antibody response in the host animal

Recombinant vaccine

It does not contain the entire pathogen so it cannot cause disease and no adjuvant required

Recombinant vaccine

What can cause vaccination failure?

Maternal antibodies interfere with immune reaction to a vaccine, improper storage

What are the possible reactions to vaccinations?

Type I hypersensitivity, anaphylactic reaction, gastrointestinal signs, sneezing, coughing, immune mediated diseases

A pathological condition that develops as the dog grows; is a result of laxity in the muscles, connective tissue and ligaments in the hip joint

Hip Dysplasia

Difficulty standing, walking, running, possible lameness that worsens with exercise

Hip Dysplasia

Medical management includes weight and exercise management, medication, and surgical options include pelvic osteotomy, femoral head osteotomy, total hip replacement

Hip Dysplasia

Abnormal cartilage development in growing bones

Osteochondrosis

Three forms- ununited anconeal process, fragmented coronoid process, osteochondrosis dissecans

Osteochondrosis

Surgery is the best choice before arthritis sets in, pain medication, weight management

Osteochondrosis

Shifting leg lameness or wandering lameness

Panosteitis

Generalized inflammation of the long bones usually in growing puppies under a year and in large breeds

Panosteitis

Recover with time and rest, anti-inflammatory pain medications

Panosteitis

Stomach becomes abnormally distended with gas and the stomach twists upon itself

Gastric Dilatation Volvulus

Clinical signs- sudden discomfort, non-productive retching/vomiting, salivation, labored breathing, panting, restless, abdominal distention and swelling, fast heart rate

Gastric Dilatation Volvulus

Only option includes surgery and 80% chance of recovery if before necrosis sets in and only 25-30% if necrotic

Gastric Dilatation Volvulus

Endocrine disorder in dogs that causes a decrease in energy and weight gain without increased food intake

Hypothyroidism

Generally in dogs 4-8 years of age

Hypothyroidism

Most common endocrine disorder in cats

Hyperthyroidism

Cushing’s Syndrome

Hyperadrenocorticism

Overproduction of steroid hormones by the adrenal gland

Hyperadrenocorticism

Most common clinical signs are polydipsia (increased water consumption) and polyuria (increased urintation)

Hyperadrenocorticism

Addison’s disease

Hypoadrenocorticism

Mineralocorticoid deficiency is the usual cause of the clinical signs we see

Hypoadrenocorticism

Seen most often in dogs with dense, heavy undercoats

Hot spots

Yellowish center with reddened ring of irritation

Hot spot

Treatment directed at cleaning the area and allowing fresh air to keep the area dry

Hot spots

Pain medication needed, antibiotics, topical spray, e-collar, steroids

Hot spot

Skin disease in dogs caused by hypersensitivity to pollens or other environmental allergens

Canine Atopic Disease

Strong heritable component that first appears when a dog is 1-3 years of age and will be chronic for life

Canine Atopic Disease

Provide no benefit to the dog or cat and can cause illness, organ dysfunction, or malnourishment

Parasites

How is a pet infected with heartworm?

Mosquitos

What is the host for heartworm?

Dog

Primarily in the right atrium and ventricle of the heart and the pulmonary arteries

Heartworm

Chronic inflammation in the heart and vessel that can cause damage to the arteries

Heartworm

The arteries can dilate, abnormal clotting, secondary kidney disease

Heartworm

In cats can cause depression, cough, dyspnea, weight loss, and sporadic vomiting

Heartworm

Clinical signs in dogs can be listlessness, loss of stamina, decreased exercise tolerance, difficulty breathing or cough

Heartworm

Number of worms

Worm burden

May not see clinical signs to severe signs depending on the worm count

Worm burden

Transmitted through eggs

Roundworm and Hookworm

Most commonly seen in puppies, kittens, or young animal; adults develop partial to complete immunity to the intestinal form bit can still have encysted larval stage

Roundworm

Cats are able to get it from their mother through the mammary glands

Roundworm

Dogs are able to get this from the mother’s placenta

Roundworm

Can cause malnutrition, impaired growth, and emaciation, can have a pot bellied appearance, rough coat and poor muscle development

Roundworm

Looks like strands of spagetti

Roundworm

Can penetrate the skin (Does not have to be ingested)

Hookworm

Adult animals are immune and young animals are most at risk

Hookworms

Clinical signs can be anemia, chronic diarrhea

Hookworms

Look like a whip (thick end and a thinner end)

Whipworm

Both dogs and cats can be infected and attach to the cecum and proximal colon to feed on the blood

Whipworm

Can have diarrhea, vomiting, and/or weight loss

Whipworms

Long, flattened, and segmented parasite

Tapeworm

Intermediate host is the flea

Tapeworm

Rarely causes health problems or clinical signs

Tapeworms

Transmitted through protozoa

Coccidiosis

Clinical infection usually only seen in kittens, puppies or cats kept in crowded conditions

Coccidiosis

Adults should have mild or no clinical signs but can be carriers and shed the infective oocysts in their feces and infect other dogs or cats

Coccidiosis

Infective oocyst ingested from contaminated soil, water, or feces

Coccidiosis

Flagellar protozoan which uses a hair like tail to provide locomotion

Giardia

Infected by water source contaminated from wild animals, domestic animals or people

Giardia

Can cause mild enteritis and chronic intermittent diarrhea

Giardia

Trematode which can infect cats and dogs

Liver Flukes

What is the host of liver flukes?

Snail; lizard, toads, crayfish, gecko

Clinical signs can be vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia, and/or icterus

Liver Flukes

Only cause clinical disease when there are enough to interfere with the function of the liver, gall bladder, bile duct or pancreas

Liver Flukes

Nematode parasite which inhabits the epithelium of the alveoli, bronchioles, bronchi, and trachea

Lungworm

Most are asymptomatic but can have a non productive cough to pneumonia

Lungworm

Those that live on or within the skin of the host animals

External parasites (Ectoparasites)

Most common external parasite

Fleas

Where are fleas usually acquired from?

Infested Environment

Can cause pruitus, scratching, hair loss, crusty scales, severe infections can cause anemia

Fleas

How long is a fleas life cycle?

13 days to 21 months