Conjunctions

不仅...而且... (bùjǐn...érqiě...)

not only... but also... — Adds a second, often stronger or additional point.

不但...反而... (búdàn...fǎn'ér...)

not only... but instead... — Introduces an unexpected or contrary result.

尚且...何况... (shàngqiě...hékuàng...)

even... let alone... — Uses a stronger case to justify a weaker one.

固然...但是... (gùrán...dànshì...)

it is true that... but... — Concedes a point before contrasting it.

尽管...却... (jǐnguǎn...què...)

although... yet... — Expresses strong contrast.

即便...也... (jíbiàn...yě...)

even if... still... — Introduces a hypothetical concession.

纵然...也... (zòngrán...yě...)

even if... still... — Formal version of "even if."

哪怕...也... (nǎpà...yě...)

even if... still... — Emphatic concessive structure.

与其...不如... (yǔqí...bùrú...)

rather than... it would be better to... — Compares two choices and prefers the second.

宁可...也不... (nìngkě...yě bù...)

would rather... than... — Shows a strong preference.

要么...要么... (yàome...yàome...)

either... or... — Presents two alternatives.

不是...就是... (búshì...jiùshì...)

if not... then...; either... or... — Indicates one of two possibilities.

之所以...是因为... (zhī suǒyǐ...shì yīnwèi...)

the reason why... is because... — Explains a cause after stating a result.

由于...因此... (yóuyú...yīncǐ...)

because... therefore... — Formal cause-and-effect structure.

既然...就... (jìrán...jiù...)

since... then... — Draws a conclusion from an accepted fact.

万一...就... (wànyī...jiù...)

in case... then... — Handles an unlikely but possible situation.

一旦...就... (yídàn...jiù...)

once... then... — Shows what happens after a condition is met.

一经...就... (yìjīng...jiù...)

as soon as... then... — Formal "once" structure.

除非...否则... (chúfēi...fǒuzé...)

unless... otherwise... — States the only exception.

只有...才... (zhǐyǒu...cái...)

only if... then... — Emphasizes a necessary condition.

只要...就... (zhǐyào...jiù...)

as long as... then... — States a sufficient condition.

无论...都... (wúlùn...dōu...)

no matter... still... — Covers all conditions without exception.

不管...都... (bùguǎn...dōu...)

regardless of... still... — Similar to 无论...都..., often more colloquial.

以便 (yǐbiàn)

so as to; in order to — Introduces a purpose.

以免 (yǐmiǎn)

lest; in order to avoid — Prevents an unwanted result.

免得 (miǎnde)

so as to avoid — Avoids something undesirable.

省得 (shěngde)

so as to save trouble — Avoids inconvenience or extra effort.

从而 (cóng'ér)

thereby; thus — Shows a result or further development.

进而 (jìn'ér)

and then; further — Indicates progression to the next step.

继而 (jì'ér)

then; subsequently — Indicates a following action or event.

因而 (yīn'ér)

therefore; as a result — Formal result conjunction.

故而 (gù'ér)

therefore; so — Formal and somewhat literary.

反之 (fǎnzhī)

conversely; on the contrary — Introduces the opposite case.

否则 (fǒuzé)

otherwise — States what happens if something is not done.

此外 (cǐwài)

besides; in addition — Adds an extra point.

况且 (kuàngqiě)

moreover; besides — Adds a supporting reason.

何况 (hékuàng)

let alone; moreover — Adds a rhetorical stronger reason.

加之 (jiāzhī)

in addition; added to this — Formal addition connector.

与此同时 (yǔ cǐ tóngshí)

at the same time; meanwhile — Shows simultaneity.

然而 (rán'ér)

however; yet — Formal contrast.

反之亦然 (fǎnzhī yìrán)

vice versa — The reverse is also true.

综上所述 (zōng shàng suǒ shù)

in summary; to sum up — Formal summary phrase.

总而言之 (zǒng ér yán zhī)

in short; all in all — Summarizes the main point.

简而言之 (jiǎn ér yán zhī)

in brief; in short — Gives a concise restatement.

换言之 (huàn yán zhī)

in other words — Restates something differently.

由此可见 (yóu cǐ kějiàn)

from this it can be seen; thus — Draws an inference.

鉴于 (jiànyú)

in view of; given that — Introduces a reason or basis.

基于 (jīyú)

based on; because of — Indicates the foundation of an action or judgment.

考虑到 (kǎolǜ dào)

considering; in view of — Takes a factor into account.

就...而言 (jiù...ér yán)

as far as... is concerned — Limits the scope or perspective of a statement.