Sport management Midterm I

What are the 4 functions of the management process?

- Planning

- Organizing

- Leading/ Executing

- Controlling/ Evaluating

What is planning?

-set scope, aims, and objectives

-create an action plan to achieve aims

-consider the internal and external environment

-examine future and future trend

What is organizing?

-build and maintain effective organization structure

-determine employee responsibilities

What is leading/ executing?

-provide instructions and direction for employees

-putting the plan to action

-supporting employees to work effectively and execute the plan

What is controlling/ Evaluating?

-monitoring, evaluating, motivating the performance of employees

-assess and verify objectives are being met and the plan is function

What is management?

The control and organization a business and its employees

What is administration?

The arrangements and tasks needed to control the operation of a plan or organization

What is sport management?

The application of techniques and strategies evident in the majority of modern business, government and nonprofit organizations.

What do sport managers do?

Sport managers engage in strategic planning, manage large numbers of human resources, deal with broadcasting contracts, manage the welfare of elite athletes, and work within highly integrated global networks of international sport federations, national sport organizations, government agencies, media corporations, sponsors and community organizations

What is leisure?

Time free from obligations; Non-life maintenance or work-related activity; subjective state of mind (perceived freedom, intrinsic motivation, competence, and positive affect - reading)

What is physical activity?

Bodily movements that require energy to be expended and are produced by skeletal muscles (gardening, walking, chores)

What is sport?

Includes a minimum number of participants that come together for competition, applying rules and skills

What is an organization?

Two or more people that work together toward a common goal

What is to organize?

Dividing work amongst people into manageable components; assigning activities to more effectively achieve desired results

What is included in the sports industry?

- manufacturing and retail of sporting goods (sportchek, beaur)

- manufacturing and retail of apparel (nike)

- providers of sports services

- revenue generation, support and promotion of sport

What are some examples of sports services?

- amateur participant sports

- recreation

- high school & college activities

- professional sports

- sport governing bodies

- health and fitness clubs (ymca)

What are examples of revenue-generating support and promotion of sport?

- Broadcasting rights

- sponsorships deals

- ticketing and entry fees

(Ticketmaster, espen)

What are the 8 things that make sport management unique?

- Symbolic significance

- Markers of success

- Opposition interdependence

- Quality variability

- Brand loyalty

- Vicarious identification

- Conservative with technology

- Limited availability

Symbolic significance

Sport has emotional, cultural, and social meaning beyond the actual game.

• Irrational passion, represents a cities history, identity and community pride

Brand loyalty

Fans may continue supporting a team even when its performance is poor.

Markers of success

Sport organizations may measure success through wins, championships, participation, or finances.

Vicarious identification

Fans emotionally identify with a team's achievements and failures as if they were personally involved

Opposition interdependence

Sport organizations depend on their competitors to produce the sporting event

Conservative with technology

Sport organizations can be cautious about adopting technologies that change traditional sport practices

Quality variability

Sport managers cannot fully control the quality of a game or experience

• One hockey game might be extremely exciting, while another is slow and uneventful.

Limited availability

Many sport experiences happen at specific times and cannot be stored for later sale.

• limited tickets to sell

• Human resources

What is a public organization?

• National, provincial, regional, and local governments

• Specialist agencies that develop policy, provide funding, and

support specialty roles (e.g., drug control)

• E.g., Sport Canada, city recreation

What is a non- profit organization?

• Community clubs, governing associations, and international organizations

• Provide opportunities for participation, regulate codes, and organize championship events

• E.g., NSO's and PSO'

What is a for - profit organization?

• Professional leagues, revenue-generating allied organizations

• e.g., media companies, stadium operators, event managers, equipment manufacturers

What are the 6 elements of organizations?

1. Work specialization

2. Departmentalization

3. Chain of command

4. Span of control

5. Centralization

6. Formalization

What is work specialization?

specific roles; performing a limited number of tasks

• Separate referees, coaches, and equipment staff

What is departmentalization?

bringing groups of people together with common tasks or geography to coordinate

• Finance, marketing, operations

What is the chain of command?

Reporting trail between levels of an organization; establishes authority

• Arena attendant → supervisor → manager

What is the span of control?

number of people under a manager's direct supervision

• One supervisor manages 15 employees

What is centralization?

Degree to which all decision - making comes from the top of the organization

• Only the director approves purchases

What is formalization?

how standardized a job is; how much behaviour is guided by procedures

• Staff follow detailed safety checklists

What are the 4 organizational designs in sport?

1. Functional

2. Divisional

3. Matrix

4. Network

What is functional?

• Clustered by function or specialization

• More common in smaller organizations (Marketing, operations, finance)

• Need a stable environment (decision - making is centralized)

What is divisional?

• Clustered by outputs like products, services, or programs

• Decentralizes decisions

What are some challenges in a divisional organization design?

• communication between the divisons are limited

• Continuity of decisions

• Develop own bias

• Redundancy in roles that needs to be filled (finicaning, marketing etc.)

What is a matrix?

• Strong horizontal and vertical links (Marketing staff work with multiple event teams)

• Allows innovation and responsiveness to a changing environment

What are some challenges in a matrix organization design?

confusing for employee due to dual aurthity (2+ people to report to)

What is network?

• Multi-organizational

• Small organizations enlist services for large tasks

• Common for large sport events (Olympics)

What are the three levels of sport in Canada?

- National

- Regional

- Local

What is happening at the national level in sport?

Department of Canadian Heritage

• Sets priorities and national policies

• Distributes funding

Sport Canada

• Implements policies and strategies

• Distributes funding

NSO / Multisport

• NSO's are official governing bodies of their sport

• Follow and implement national rules and initiatives

What is happening at the intergovernmental level in sport?

Federal - Provincial / Territorial Sport Committee

• Collaboration between levels of government

• Includes Sport Canada reps, federal delegates,

and Provincial/Territorial delegates

• E.g., Canada Games and NCCP

What is happening at the provincial/ Terriotrial level in sport?

Provincial / Territorial Ministry

• Sport as a division within a larger ministry

• Establishes provincial policy and strategy

• Provides direction and funding

PSO / Multisport

• Mandate = develop and regulate sport

• Coordinate nationwide initiatives (e.g., LTAD

What is happening in local sport primary?

Municipal Government

• Primary role is providing facilities

• May have drop-in programming

Local Sports Council

• More typical in larger communities (e.g., Toronto)

• Coordinate community opportunities

• May work with sport clubs and municipality

Community Sport Clubs

• Generally single sport, volunteer run

• Some multisport and PA programs (e.g., YMCA

What is happening at the local level, school system?

Local School Board

• Distributes Provincial funding to schools

School Board Sport Council

• Organizes inter-school competitions Schools

• Administers intramural and extramural sport programming

What is a policy?

a set of ideas or a plan of what to do in particular situations that has been agreed to officially by a group of people, a business organization, a government, or a political party

What are 4 ways that a policy can be introduced or updated?

1. National circumstances

2. Changing values

3. National crisis

4. International embarrassment

What is the Canadian sport policy (CSP)?

- Continual shift towards greater focus on participation

• 2002 - participation, excellence, capacity, and interaction

• 2012 - introduction, recreation, competitive, high performance)

• 2025 - safe sport and sport as a tool towards reconciliation with Indigenous People

What is the LTAD framework?

Framework to develop all people and enable optimal participation

What are the main goals of the LTAD framework?

- Physical literacy

- Active for Life

- Excellence

What are the guiding principles of the LTAD framework?

- Quality

- Optimal programming

- Inclusion

- Collaboration

What is governance?

is concerned with the exercise of power within organizations and provides the system by which the elements of organizations are controlled and directed

What are the elements of governance?

What is the traditional model of governance?

- Human potential of the board

- Board bylaws and policies

- Roles and relationships between the board, executive, and staff

- Positive group culture on the board

- Maintenance of external relationships by the board

What is the Policy Governance Model of governance?

- Determining mission and strategic direction

- Setting limitations for work practices

- Establishing clear board and executive roles

- Ensuring governance processes are clear

- The board's role should be more than ensuring conformance to financial procedures and ethical management

What is the executive - led model of governance?

- Executive as central to success

- Executives have the information and access needed for leadership and decision-making

- Seen more in private academies and professional sport

What are the governing board's responsibilities?

- Financial management

- Adherence to applicable laws

- Ensuring alignment with the organizations mission

- Setting and evaluating strategic direction

- Monitoring executive performance

- Accountability to diverse stakeholders

What are the three elements of the governing board composition?

1. Representative = members are elected

2. Hybrid = some members are elected, some members are appointed

3. Independent = members are appointed

What are the 7 elements of "'good' Governance?

- Transparency

- Accountability

- Democracy

- Responsibility

- Equity

- Efficiency

- Effectiveness

What is transparency?

Clear procedures for resource allocation, reporting, and decision-making

What is accountability?

Accountable to diverse stakeholders

What is democracy?

All stakeholder groups represented in governance structure

What is responsibility?

Ethical stewardship in carrying out responsibilities

What is equilty?

All stakeholder groups are treated equitably

What is efficiency?

Process improvements to make best use of resources

What is effectiveness?

Establish and monitor measure of performance

What is human resource management?

Human resource management refers to the design, development, implementation, management and evaluation of systems and practices used by employers to recruit, select, develop, reward, retain and evaluate their workforce

= Finding the right person for the right job at the right time

= Central to an organization's planning system

= Different organizations have different staffing profiles

What are the three phases of acquiring human resources?

1. Planning

2. Recruitment

3. selection

What are the five phases of maintaining human resources?

1. Orientation

2. Training

3. Performance appraisal

4. Rewards and recognition

5. Retention or Replacement

What are the things to consider in the planning stage?

- Acessing and forcasting staffing needs

- Whether current staffing needs are adequate for future demand

- Further staff turnover is predictable and accommodated for

- Whether the ratios of paid, full time, part time, and volunteer staff are appropriate and adequate

- Whether annual or cyclical fluctuations need to be managed

- Whether specific capabilities will be required in the future that is currently lacking

What are the four management principles in the planning stage?

- Job simplification

- Job rotation

- Job enlargement

- Job enrichment

What is job simplification?

Broken down to series of simple and specialized tasks

What is job rotation?

Periodically switching jobs between worker

What is job enlargement?

Widening the scope of work, adding tasks

What is job enrichment?

Flexible jobs, increasing motivation

What is the recruitment phase?

Process for finding the best person for the job

What is the benefit of generating a large pool for the recruitment process?

• Increases the chance of finding someone

• Can be challenging to do

• Can be costly

What is the selection phase?

Process of creating a shortlist of candidates

Important considerations and requirements:

• Protected grounds (Ontario Human Rights Code)

What is the orientation phase?

Making new employees feel welcomed and empowered

• This could include orientation sessions or induction programs

• Need to provide information about the organization and its operations

What is training?

Process of employees learning new skills to be effective at their job

What are the five steps in the process of training?

• Needs analysis = what are the needs of the group

• Development = the training program

• Validation = does the program do what it was intended to do

• Implementation = actually training the target group

• Evaluation = what went well, feedback received

What is performance appraisal?

Review performance, suggest improvements, and self-evaluation

What are four elements of performance appraisal?

• Administratively: make judgments about performance related to recognition

• Developmentally: enhance employee capabilities

• Manager vs. employee

• Qualitative and quantitative measures

What are rewards and recognition?

Acknowledging the work and contributions of employees

• Important for retention

• Rewards = transactional

• Recognition = relational

What is retention or replacement?

Keeping good employees to maintain the health of the organization

• Retaining high-quality staff is better financially and strategically

• Higher turnover rates in sport

What are some reasons why replacement occurs?

• Promotion = ideal situation for replacement

• Resignation = quitting (important to have an exit strategy)

• Termination = Firing (can only be performance-related)

What is organizational culture?

Core values, beliefs and basic assumptions within organizational life which help guide and coordinate member behaviour

What are the basic assumptions of organizational culture?

- Unconscious

- Taken-for-granted

- Determines behaviours, perceptions, thoughts, and feeling

What are Espoused Values and Beliefs in the organizational culture?

- Ideals, goals, aspirations

- Values = standards and importance of specific behaviours

- Beliefs = conclusions on how the world works

What are artifacts in the orgnization culture?

- Visible structures and processes

_ Observable behaviours

- E.g., dress code, space layout, published documents

What are Artifacts - Observable Symptoms? (10)

- Environment

- Artefacts

- Language

- Documents

- Logos

- Heroes

- Stories

- Legends

- Rituals

- Rites

What are some common examples for describing organizations in dimenstions

Stability > Changeability

Copperation > Conflict

Goal Focus Clarity > Goal Focus Ambiguity

Seniority Reward > Performance Reward

Control > autonomy

Long-Term Planning > Short-Term Planning

What is it like to change organizational culture?

- Slow to change

-need assumptions to shift

- Start with changing actions

- Values-Based Management

- Target social construction

What is financial management?

Planning and implementing an efficient and effective use of financial resources to achieve the goals of the organization

What are the goals and means for a for - profit?

Goal = Make money

Means = Sports programming

What are the goals and means for a non - profit?

Goal = Sports programming

Means = Getting Money