Ch9- Personality and Cultural Values

Accomplishment striving

an individual’s motivation to set challenging professional or personal goals, work hard, pursue excellence, and achieve success

agreeableness

one of the “Big Five” dimensions of personality describing an individual’s tendency to be cooperative, compassionate, trusting, considerate, and concerned about the well-being of others

big five taxonomy

a framework used to describe and organize personality traits into five broad categories: conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, and extroversion

clear purpose tests

an integrity test that directly asses an individual’s honesty, attitudes toward dishonesty and rule-breaking, and/or past involvement in counterproductive or unethical behaviors

communion striving

an individual’s motivation to build, maintain, and strengthen positive relationships with other people

conscientiousness

one of the “Big Five” dimensions of personality describing how organized, responsible, dependable, disciplined, and goal-oriented an individual tends to be

creative performance

the actual production or expression of creative ideas of creative thoughts

cultural mosaic

a society in which different cultural groups maintain their distinct identities, traditions, values, and practices while living together and participating in the larger society

cultural values

the shared beliefs and principles within a cultural about what is considered important, desirable, right, or appropriate and help explained why a culture tends to think and behave in certain ways

culture

the shared values, beliefs, norms, customs, behavior, and practices that characterize a particular group of people and are learned and passed down over time

differential exposure

the idea that individual differences in personality influence the types and frequency of situations or experiences individuals encounter, including stressful situations

differential reactivity

the idea that individual differences in personality influence how strongly people respond to the situations they encounter, especially stressful situations

ethnocentrism

the tendency to view and evaluate other cultures through the standards and values of one’s own culture, often believing that one’s own culture is superior or more correct

external locus of control

the belief that life outcomes are largely influenced by external factors

extraversion

one of the “Big Five” dimensions of personality describing an individual’s tendency to be sociable, outgoing, energetic, assertive, and enthusiastic, particularly in social situations

faking

exaggerating responses to a test

GLOBE Project

a large-scale, cross-cultural research project that examines how societal culture influences leadership behaviors, organizational practices, and leadership effectiveness across different countries and cultures

Hofstede’s cultural values taxonomy

a framework for describing and comparing the values and cultural characteristics of different national cultures across several dimensions

in-group

a group that an individual identifies with and feels they belong to

individualism-collectivism

the extent to which individuals are integrated into groups

indulgence-restraint

the extent to which a society allows and encourages relatively free gratification of basic and natural human desires related to enjoying life and having fun

integrity tests

an assessment designed to measure an individual’s honesty, dependability, and attitudes toward behaviors such as theft, rule-breaking, and other counterproductive work behaviors

internal locus of control

the belief that one’s own actions, choices, and efforts can substantially influence the events and outcomes in one’s life

lie scale

a measure designed to detect or assess patterns of socially desirable responding

locus of control

an individual’s belief about the extent to which they can control or influence the outcomes of events in their life

long-term-short-term orientation

the extent to which a society take a long-term, future-oriented approach to planning, decision-making, and achieving goals

Masculinity-femininity

the distribution of emotional roles between the genders, particularly how strongly a society emphasizes traditionally masculine values

maximum performance

performance demonstrated in brief, special circumstances that demand an employee’s best effort

melting pot

a society in which people blend aspects of their cultures, gradually creating a more shared or integrated culture

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)

a personality assessment tool that categorizes individuals into sixteen personality types based on preferences across four pairs of dimensions

negative affectivity

a dispositional tendency to experience negative moods and emotions relatively frequently and across different situations and over time

NEO framework

a measure of the “Big Five” personality traits, with each trait consisting of 6 facets that contribute to the overall trait

Neuroticism

one of the “Big Five” dimensions of personality describing an individual’s tendency to experience negative emotions, emotional distress, and psychological instability, particularly in response to stress or challenging situations

objective personality test

a personality assessment in which individuals respond to structured questions or statements about their own characteristics, thoughts, feelings, or behaviors

openness to experience

one of the “Big Five” dimensions of personality describing an individual’s tendency to be curious, imaginative, creative, open-minded, and interested in new ideas, experiences, and perspectives

personality

the unique combination of an individual’s thoughts, feelings, behaviors, attitudes, and characteristics that define an individual and makes them different from others

personality tests

an assessment designed to measure an individual’s personality characteristics or traits

positive affectivity

a dispositional tendency to experience positive moods and emotions relatively frequently and across different situations and over time

projective personality test

a personality assessment that presents an individual with ambiguous stimuli and asks them to interpret or respond to the stimuli

power distance

the extent to which the less powerful members of a society accept and expect that power is distributed unequally

RIASEC model

a career-interest framework that categorizes individuals and work environments into six types based on their interests, preferences, and characteristics

situational strength

the extent to which a situation provides clear expectations and constraints that influence an individual’s behavior

social desirability bias

the tendency for individuals to respond in ways that they believe will be viewed favorably by others

social reputation

the way other people view and judge a person based on their behavior and interactions with others

status striving

an individual’s motivation to gain social status, recognition, prestige, influence, respect from others, or social position in a group or society

trait

a consistent, distinguishing characteristic that describes an individual’s typical way of thinking, feeling, or behaving

trait activation

the idea that personality traits are expressed in behavior when situations provide cues or opportunities that activate those traits

typical performance

performance normally demonstrated over time under ordinary working conditions

uncertainty avoidance

the extent to which the member of a society feel threatened by or uncomfortable with uncertain and ambiguous situations and have developed beliefs and institutions to try to avoid or manage unstructured situations

veiled purpose tests

an integrity test that indirectly measures personality characteristics associated with honestly, dependability, and ethical behavior

zero acquaintance

a situation where people have no prior interaction or relationship with one another, but can still form impressions of each other based on brief or limited observations