SOC 101 Exam 3

Sex

physical traits associated with sexual reproduction, including anatomy, chromosomes, and hormones

Gender

Socially associated traits, interests, skills, and behaviors linked to being male or female

Gender Binary

The belief that there are only 2 genders, masculine men and feminine women

Intersex

Having sex characteristics that do not fit typical binary classifications

• Anne Fausto-Sterling

Gender performance

Expressing gender through behavior, clothing, speech, and other special actions

Doing gender

West and Zimmerman

• we perform gender and hold others accountable for doing the same

• gender is produced and reinforced through social interaction

Gender attribution

assuming someones gender based on their appearence or behavior

Gender Stratifitcation

men historically have more power in institutions such as govt and work

• system that creates unequal power

Gender inequality

The actual disadvantages people experience because of gender

Causes of Gender wage gap

job segregation (49%)

Interpersonal discrimination (41%)

career trajectories (10%)

Job segregation

women and men work in different kinds of jobs - female jobs pay less

Accounts for 49% of wage gap

Interpersonal discrimation

Being treated unfairly at work because of gender - lower pay, harassment, unequal hiring, and less promotions

Accounts for 41% of wage gap

Career Trajectories

career paths differ because of unequal household responsibilities

Wage Gap

women earn 82 cents for every dollar earned by men

Motherhood penalty

mothers are judged as less competent and less committed to work than other women - less hiring/less promotions

Anne Fausto-Sterling

Challenged the idea of biological sex as a simple binary through her essay The Five Sexes.

Caster Semenya

prof used this athlete's experience with sex testing and testosterone regulations to question how sports institutions define and enforce sex categories.

Moral Panic

an intense public fear about a group pr perceived threat

• public debate over trans athletes and bathroom access.

Sex testing

Institutions examining athletes' sex characteristics to determine eligibility

Growing Up Trans documentary

Know:

• How institutions shape trans children’s experiences

• How stigma affects children

• how support is shaped by institutions

Between-School inequality

Unequal funding, Residential segregation, Differences in school resources, different learning environments

• Wealthier neighborhoods = more taxes = better school funding = better schooling

• White school districts receive substantially more funding than nonwhite districts

Within-Schools Inequality

Racial biases in tracking, unequal discipline, teacher expectations, school policing

• Even when students attend the same school, racial bias affects how teachers classify, discipline, and support them.

Tracking

Placing students into classes according to perceived academic ability.

Ex: Teacher placing a student in gifted classes and another in lower-level classes because of assumptions about their abilities

Adultification

Attributing adult characteristics or intentions to children.

Ex: A black student being treated as dangerous for behavior that would be considered childish misbehavior in another student.

School-to-prison pipeline

school disciplinary practices that push students out of education an towards criminal justice system

Ex: student arrested for minor school accident instead of normal school punishment

Achievement gap

Differences in academic outcomes between student groups

Ex: Students in underfunded districts graduate less because they have less resources and more disruptions to learning

Educational inequality

Unequal educational opportunities help reproduce racial and class inequality across generations.

The state (weber)

Government claims the recognized legal authority to use force

Social reproduction

Inequality and social arrangements continuing across generations

Elite theory of power/Power elite

The idea that A small network of powerful people controls major institutions

• power is concentrated into this group

Pluralist theory of power

The idea that U.S. politics is characterized by competing groups that work together to achieve their goals

• power is spread among competing groups

Social Capital

Connections that help you access opportunities or resources

Revolving door

Powerful people switching between government and business leadership positions

Sacred

Set apart; protected by prohibitions; superior, elevated

Profane

Everything that is not sacred

Rites

Particular modes of action - rituals/ceremonies

Beliefs

States of opinion, consist of representations

Collective effervescence

Strong feelings of unity people experience together during rituals or gatherings

Religion as ideology (Marx)

Pacifies the working class; gives them a false sense of hope; deceives them about their true interests; prevents them from reaching class consciousness

Class consciousness - Marx

Workers recognizing their shared economic position and interests

Religiosity

The degree to which someone practices or identifies with religion

- discussed in relation to decline of religious identity in America

Durkheim

sacred/profane + collective effervescence. Religion produces social unity.

Marx

religion as ideology + class consciousness. Religion can protect class inequality.

Emotional Labor

Controlling your emotions because your job requires it

Family leave policy

Rules allowing workers time away from work for family needs

FMLA

A federal law that gives qualifying employees unpaid, job-protected leave

Labor migration

Moving to another country or region for work or safety

Maquiladoras

Factories in Mexico involved in international manufacturing

Feminization of poverty

women and girls' higher poverty rates

• Caused by unequal pay/caregiving responsibilities

Domestic labor

household work and caregiving responsibilities - unpaid work

Patriarch/property marriage

A model of marriage in which women and children are owned by men

Family wage

A man's paycheck that can support the entire family

Ideology of separate spheres

The belief that women belong at home and men belong at work

Breadwinner/homemaker marriage

A model of marriage that involves a wage-earning spouse supporting a stay-at-home spouse & children

Heteronormative

Treating being straight as the normal or preferred option

Pro-natal

Society encouraging people to have children and judging those who don't

Partnership unions

A relationship model based on love & companionship between equals

Second shift

Doing housework and childcare after finishing your regular job

Ideal worker norm

Employers expecting workers to always prioritize their jobs

Shared division of labor

Both partners equally sharing work and household responsibilities

Specialized division of labor

One partner earns more income while the other handles more household responsibilities

Ideology of intensive motherhood

The belief that mothers should devote significant time and attention to raising children

Cornell’s research on mothers

Motherhood penalty

Caster Semenya

Athlete: Institutional enforcement of sex categories

Property-tax-based school funding

Educational inequality between schools

Racialized tracking and discipline

Educational inequality within schools

Opioid crisis

Elite cooperation and institutional power

Religious ceremonies and collective rituals

Durkheim's sacred/profane distinction and collective effervescence

Flight attendants and care workers

Emotional labor

wedding advertising

Marriage socialization and commercialization

COVID-era childcare responsibilities

Unequal domestic labor and the second shift

Why does marriage remain socially important according

It provides public recognition, social legitimacy, and status