Military organisation

What significant military changes occurred in the 16th century in Benin under leaders like Ozoluwa and Esigie?

Territorial expansion extending the kingdom's boundaries to Lagos and the lands of the Igbo.

Who was responsible for declaring war and overseeing military officers in the 16th century Benin?

The Oba initially held this responsibility, which later shifted to the iyase.

What was the size of Benin's standing army by the 17th century according to Dapper?

The standing army reached 20,000 men, with reserves varying from 80,000 to 100,000 during times of need.

Who commanded the field in Benin's military and held supreme power in battle?

The owe-asery led military command in the field.

What role did nobles and commoners play in Benin's military campaigns?

Both nobles and commoners engaged in campaigns, often against neighboring kingdoms, resulting in considerable plunder.

What was the position of the Oba of Benin in the military hierarchy?

The Supreme Military Commander of the army and front commander of the Benin warriors.

How did the iyase's military role differ from that of the Oba?

The iyase was a non-hereditary commander and second in command to the Oba.

What restriction was placed on the iyase after a military campaign by the late 16th century?

The iyase could not return to Benin City after a campaign.

Which position ranked third in the Benin military hierarchy?

The Ezomo of Benin.

What distinguished the Ezomo's military position?

It was a non-hereditary position rewarded for outstanding contributions, and he directed national campaigns.

Who was the Edogun and what was his role?

The hereditary war chief and Commander of the Ekàwè, responsible for public declarations of war.

What was a significant duty of the Edogun in war?

To brief the Oba on war strategies and military strength.

What was the military importance of the Edogun in battle?

He must not be killed in battle due to his military significance.

What is the military title derived from Benin's military organization that indicates a commander of the royal regiment?

The Edogun.

In the context of the Benin army, what role did the Oba play in regards to recruitment?

The Oba issued recruitment and mobilization orders with chief assistance.