Lecture 9- 1a

Depression

• clefts meet one another

• Allow blood vessels

• articulate

Openings

• holes in bone

• blood vessels or nerves travelling

Projections

• bony extensions

• points where tendons, muscle, ligament

Axial Skeleton

• Forms long axis

• Bones protect, support, carry other parts

• Includes: skull, vertebral column, rib cage

Appendicular

• bones of upper and lower limb & girdles

• Includes hip and shoulder

• Involved in locomotion

Skull

• 22 bones

• Most are flat bones

• Bones united by sutures

Skull: Cranium

• enclose brain

• has attachment sites for head & neck muscle

Cranium: single bones

• frontal

• occipital

• ethmoid

• sphenoid bone

Cranium: Paired bones

temporal, parietal bones

Cranium parts: Cranial Vault

• round portion; superior later and posterior

Cranium parts: Cranial Base

• Foramen magnus: spinal exits cranium

Cranial Fossae

• contoured depressions make floor of cranium

• Anterior cranial Fossa

• Middle cranial Fossa

  • Posterior cranial Fossa

Anterior cranial fossa

frontal ethmoid sphenoid bones

• support frontal lobe

  • 
    

Middle cranial Fossa

• sphenoid, temporal bone

• support temporal lobe & pitituary

Posterior cranial fossa

• Temporal, occipital

• Support cerebellum & part of brainstem

Cranial sutures

• immovable

• Coronal suture

• Lambdoid suture

• Sagittal suture

• Squamous suture

Facial Skeleton: Single bone

• mandible, vomer

• has single (mandible & vomer) and paired bones

Cavities of skull

• cranial cavity

• orbital cavity

• nasal

• oral

Paranasal sinus: how many?

4

hyoid bone

• Anterior of neck

• articulate

• 2 pair projections (lesser and greater horns)

Vertebral column

• Five divisions & 4 curves

  • 7, 12, 5, 5, 4

• Ex: 4 coccygeal vertebrae

  • when fused → coccyx

Vertebral column- division with Concave curvature

• 7 cervical vert.

• 5 lumbar vert.

Vertebral column- division with Convex curvature

• 12 thoracic vertebrae

• 5 sacral vert. (also called sacrum)

Vertebrae structures

• Body

• Vertebral foramen

• Vertebral arch

• Spinal process (anteriorly)

• Articular process (superior & inferior)

• Transverse process (lateral)

Vertebral foramen

space between body and arch

• vertebral canal

Vertebral arch

• composite structure

• posteriorly

• 2 pedicles & 2 laminae

Intervertebral discs parts

• Anulus fibrosis: limits expansion of nucleus pulposus

• Nucleus pulposus

Anulus fibrosis

• outer portion

• collagen fibers & fibrocartilage

Nucleus pulposus

• inner portion

• elastic & compressible

Sacrum

• by 5 fused vertebrae

Coccyx

• by 4 fused vertebrae

Sacrum

• superior articular; connects to hip & possess foramen for blood and spine nerve

Coccyx

• attachment site for several ligaments

Thoracic cage: sternun

• Protect heart, vena cava, thymus

Sternum: made of bones ___

• manubrium (articulate clavicle & ribs)

• Body (articulate ribs)

• Xiphoid process (attachment)

Thoracic cage: Ribs

• posteriorly to thoracic vertebrae

True Ribs

• 1-7 (to sternum)

False Ribs

• 8-10 attached to 7

False Ribs: floating ribs

• 11 & 12 (floaters)

Rib structure

• Bowed

• shaft

• head (articulates w/ thoracic)

• neck

• angle (points towards sternum)

• tubercle (articulates w/ transverse process of vertebrae)