✨Histology & Embryology Midterm Chp 1-8

What chemical that is used for intracellular energy does the mitochondria produce?

ATP

What structure lies between the epithelium and the underlying connective tissue?

basement membrane

Which chemical is called the second messenger?

c-AMP

Junctional complexes that allow small molecules such as amino acids and ions to pass from cell to cell are called

gap junctions

What organelle located within the cell is capable of replication and is responsible for producing ATP?

mitochondria

Which phase of mitosis is the resting phase?

interphase

Post-translational modifications to substances produced by RER are accomplished by

Golgi apparatus

The _________ of the uterus provides an ideal environment for the implantation and growth of the embryo.

endometrium

Intercalated disks are present in ______ muscle and contain arrays of gap junctional complexes

cardiac

The nucleus contains diffuse DNA until cell division, when the 23 pairs of chromosomes become condensed.

True

The cell may contain more than one nucleolus during active protein synthesis

True

The information in mRNA is translated by ribosomes located on the surface of the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

True

Fertilization takes place in the distal third of the uterine tube.

True

Endoderm and ectoderm are the first two germ layers to develop

True

Melanocytes are derived from neural crest cells

True

The umbilical vein caries oxygenated blood

True

Prior to development of the vascular system, the vitelline system provides nutrients to the embryo and fetus

True

Striated or voluntary muscle uses acetylcholine as the neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction

True

Tissues are the most susceptible to teratogens during the embryonic period

True

Neural crest cells migrate from the _________ prior to fusion and closure of the neural tube.

Neural folds

The myotome produces the _________ of the body.

Muscles

_____________ bone formation occurs by condensations of mesenchymal cells without a cartilaginous scaffold.

intramembraneous

Blood cells being to form in the ____ at 2 1/2 weeks of development

yolk sac

Name three adult structures that are derived from ectoderm

Enamel, hair, nails

Name two hormones produced by the placenta

Estrogen, progesterone

The simple squamous epithelium functions in what location

vascular system, the kidneys, and the lining of the mouth

What are the supporting cells of the nervous system?

neuroglia

Name the types of connective tissue properties

dense, loose, loose with special properties

Name the three types of muscles

cardiac, skeletal, smooth

How does epithelial tissue renew itself?

mitosis of the basal cells

Buccal mucosa renews itself in ______ days

10 to 14

Gingival tissue renews itself in _____ days

4 to 6

What is the origin of the epithelial lining of blood vessels?

epidermis

Epithelium consisting of several layers with only the basal cell layer in contact with the basal lamina is known as the _______ epithelium.

Stratified

All sensations that are received anywhere in the body are relayed to the ____ and ____.

brain and spinal cord

Impulses that are conducted from the periphery of the body, such as muscles and glands to the CNS, are called the ______ system.

afferent

Impulses passing from CNS to peripheral muscles or glands are called the _____ system.

efferent

The nervous system is closely associated with the _____ system, which depends on neural stimuli to function.

endocrine

The efferent autonomic system carries impulses from the CNS to the _____ muscles.

smooth

The viscera receive impulses from the ____ system.

autonomic

Each neuron is made up of three parts:

axon, cell body, and dendrite

Axons outside of the CNS are protected and insulated by a _____

myelin sheath

Neuroglia cells support the neuron and are ___ to _____ times more numerous than neurons.

5 to 50

The spinal cord consists of ____ segments.

31

Connective tissues may be subdivided into

cells, fibers, and intercellular substances

The three types of cartilage are

hyaline, elastic, and fibrous

The major lymphatic organs of the body are

lymph nodes, thymus, spleen

What is the major function of the urinary system

to control blood volume and pressure and composition of urine

What are four functions of the skin system in the human body?

to excrete waste products, eliminate heat, protect against invasion of foreign materials, and receive stimuli from outside the body.

What organ system is the largest in the body?

integumentary system

One of the blood's functions is to provide protection from bacteria.

True

The three functions of the ______ are to absorb nutrition, dehydrate food, and compress food into solid waste.

Digestive system/large intestine

What are the names of the body's four primary tissues?

epithelial, neural, connective, muscle

Name two functions of a neuron

receive and conduct impulses and regulate muscle and gland activity

What two layers comprise the skin?

epidermis and dermis

name the endocrine glads

anterior pituitary and thyroid-parathyroid

What is the definition of synchondrosis?

a union of two bones that have been separated by cartilage

Name found bones of the maxillary skeleton

parietal, temporal, zygomatic, frontal

The primary TMJ is formed from

Meckle's cartilage, malleus and incus

What structure normally forms in the second branchial cleft?

foramen caecum

What are the four muscles of mastication?

temporalis, masseter, lateral, and medial pterygoids

From which structures does the face develop?

frontonasal process, maxillary process, mandibular arch

They thymus glad arises from the ___ branchial pouch.

third

From which branchial arch does the hyoid bone form?

second

The maxillary processes form the cheeks and also from the ____ shelves.

palatal

Overgrowth from the ____ to the _____ arches eliminates the branchial grooves.

second, fifth

Shelf elevation involves cooperation of the ______.

tongue

Facial organization develops from ___ to the ___ prenatal week.

fourth, seventh

Meckel's cartilage provides a superstructure for the developing ________.

Mandible

The ultimobranchial body fuses with the

thyroid

The blood vessels in the third pharyngeal arch become the

common carotid arteries

During development the third parathyroid glands develop as inferior and posterior. The superior parathyroid develops from the ____ pharyngeal pouch, and inferior parathyroid develop from the _____

fourth, third

The ultimobranchial body results in which adult structure

thyroid

The muscles of the face come from the second hyoid arch

True

The nasal capsule gives rise to the nasal septum and the ethmoid bone

True

Mesenchyme of the hyoid arch form the facial muscles

True

The mandible uses Meckle's cartilage as a framework during development

True

The mandible is formed from the ____branchial arch, and the hyoid bone is formed from the ______

first, second

The first cartilages that form in the skull support the base of the

brain

Name four bones that comprise the craniofacial skeleton

occipital, maxilla, zygomatic, temporal

What structure contributes to the primary TMJ and also contributes to the formation of the malleus and the incus?

Meckle's cartilage

Development of the lip depends on fusion of the philtrum and maxillary process

True

An apiphyseal line is a cartilaginous growth plate between two areas of bone

True

Palatal shelf elevation beings anteriorly and process posteriorly

True

Three to eight weeks of embryogenesis is the period of greatest sensitivity to teratogens

True

Epithelial cysts can arise along the path of descent of the thyroid during development

True

During the sixth week of development, lateral growth of the brain causes the eyes to move to the front of the face

True

Three auricular hillocks arise from the mandibular arch and three from the hyoid arch

True

Two important changes that occur in the face during the fifth prenatal week are:

the bilateral nasal places develop into nostrils, and eye become prominent on the side of the head. And the mandibular arch loses its midline, and face broadens.

During the sixth prenatal week, the ______ muscle grows around the oral pit

orbicularis oris

Facial and palatal clefts usually occur because of

environmental factors and genetic factors

What is the origin of the tongue body?

tuburculum impar and lateral lingual swellings

The definition of the nasal fin is

the zone of fusion on the floor of the nasal sac that binds together the maxillary and medial nasal parts of the lip

During its migration to the front of the trachea, the thyroid gland is attached to the tongue by the

thyroglossal duct

Define the process of fusion

the merging of the adjacent tissues during orofacial development

A swelling that has an opening on the surface of the neck is called

thyroglossal fistula

A cleft may occur in the

mandible, lip, palate

Palatal development occurs during the ___ to ____ week of gestation.

seventh to ninth

The heart begins to pump blood throughout the body during the ___ week of gestation

fourth

The second pharyngeal arch is known as the

hyoid arch