Anatomy & Physiology Exam 4

Module 8

The olfactory bulb is responsible for:

Relaying smell information to the brain, triggering smell-based memories

In serial processing:

Information travels along a single pathway

How many ventricles are found in the brain?

Four

Which of the following is not a primary function of the nervous system?

Breaking down nutrients

Neuroplasticity refers to the nervous system’s ability to:

Change structure and function in response to experience

Stimulus intensity is primarily encoded in:

Frequency of action potentials

In the PNS, which cells surround neuron cell bodies and regulate their microenvironment?

Satellite cells

The mammillary bodies are primarily associated with:

Memory recall

Which cells line the ventricle and help circulate CSF using cilia?

Ependymal cells

Regeneration in the CNS is limited mainly due to:

Inhibitory molecules and glial scarring

Which of the following correctly describes gray matter?

Primarily consists of neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons

Metabotropic receptors are characterized by:

Activation of G-proteins and second messengers

Which of the following is not one of the 7 major structures of the central nervous system?

Peripheral nerve

Wernicke’s area is located primarily in which cerebral lobe?

Temporal

Which limbic structure allows us to express emotions using gestures?

Cingulate gyrus

Neurotransmitters are stored in:

Synaptic vesicles

Which of the following is not a role of the basal nuclei?

Storing short-term memories

In the spinal cord, the white matter is located:

Surrounding the gray matter in the outer regions

The lateral horns (present in the thoracic and upper lumbar regions) contain the cell bodies of:

Autonomic motor neurons controlling visceral effectors, like smooth and cardiac muscle

Chemical communication between neurons occurs at the:

Synapse

Acetylcholine’s effect at the neuromuscular junction is to:

Trigger muscle contraction

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is primarily formed by:

Tight junctions between capillary endothelial cells and astrocyte foot processes

Which of the following is the correct order of the meninges from superficial to deep?

Dura mater → arachnoid mater → pia mater

Which type of neuron has a single process that branches into two parts, functioning both as an axon and a dendrite?

Unipolar

Temporal summation occurs when:

One synapse is activated repeatedly in quick succession

Which part of the neuron receives incoming signals from other neurons?

Dendrites

Which meningeal layer is thin, delicate, and directly adheres to the brain and spinal cord?

Pia mater

Which type of white matter tract connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain?

Commissural tracts

Spatial summation occurs when:

Inputs from multiple presynaptic neurons combine

Ascending white tracts in the spinal cord carry:

Sensory information from the body to the brain

Which of the following lists the three parts of the brainstem in order from superior to inferior?

Midbrain → pons → medulla oblongata

The primary motor cortex is located in which cerebral lobe?

Frontal

Where is cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) first produced?

Lateral ventricles

The primary somatosensory cortex is responsible for:

Processing touch, pressure, temperature, and pain sensations

CSF returns to the venous system via:

Arachnoid granulations into the dural venous sinuses

Dysfunction of the basal nuclei is most closely associated with which of the following disorders?

Parkinson’s disease and Huntington’s disease

In the PNS, axon regeneration is possible because of:

Schwann cells

Which statement correctly describes the relationship between graded potentials and action potentials in neuron signaling?

Graded potentials determine whether the threshold at the axon hillock is reached, which triggers an action potential.

Action potentials differ from graded potentials because they:

Are all-or-none

Which structure increases the speed of electrical conduction along the axon?

Myelin sheath

Which of the following occurs primarily during REM sleep?

Muscle tone is greatly reduced or absent

Which type of potential can vary in strength depending on stimulus intensity?

Graded potential

Which receptor type produces longer-lasting effects?

Metabotropic

Which sensory inputs can activate the RAS to increase alertness?

Multiple sensory signals, including visual, auditory, and tactile

Which type of summation can combine excitatory and inhibitory inputs?

Spatial summation

The ventral horns contain the cell bodies of:

Somatic motor neurons that control skeletal muscle

Which lobe contains the primary visual cortex?

Occipital

Which glial cells is involved in the production and movement of cerebrospinal fluid?

Ependymal cells

Which part of the diencephalon regulated body temperature, hunger, thirst, and endocrine activity?

Hypothalamus

T or F: The amplitude (strength) of an action potential increases with stronger simulus.

False

Which of the following best summarizes the primary functions of the diencephalon?

Sensory relay, homeostasis regulation, circadian rhythm control

Which ion is primarily responsible for depolarizing the neuron during an action potential?

Sodium (Na+)

Broca’s area is located primarily in which cerebral lobe?

Frontal

The primary function of the reticular activating system is to:

Regulate the sleep-wake cycle and maintain consciousness

Which CNS structure is the largest and acts as our “execute suite” and conscious mind?

Cerebrum

Which event triggers neurotransmitter release into the synaptic cleft?

Calcium influx

The cerebellum receives sensory information from:

All of the above (Vestibular apparatus in the inner ear, Eyes and ears, Proprioceptors in muscles and joints)

Chemical communication between neurons occurs at the:

Synapse

Which of the following correctly matches the type of white matter tract to its main role?

Commissural tracts - connect the left and right hemispheres

Ionotropic receptors:

Directly open ion channels

Which statement best describes the difference between Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas?

Broca’s area is for speech production, Wernicke’s area is for speech comprehension

The choroid plexus is responsible for:

Filtering blood and producing cerebrospinal fluid

The prefrontal cortex is primarily involved in:

Higher cognitive functions such as decision-making and personality

Which is an example of parallel processing?

Smelling food and remembering a related memory simultaneously

Which glial cell produces myelin in the CNS?

Oligodendrocytes

Which limbic structure is primarily involved in emotional processing, especially fear and aggression?

Amygdala

The hippocampus plays a critical role in:

Forming and storing new memories

The cerebellum works closely with which other brain region to regulate movement?

Basal nuclei

The corpus callosum is an example of a:

Commissural tract

The central canal of the spinal cord:

Contains cerebrospinal fluid and runs through the entire spinal cord

The brainstem is composed of which three CNS structures?

Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

In the brain, gray matter is located mainly in the:

Outer cortex and deeper nuclei

Which structure allows CSF to flow from the fourth ventricle into the subarachnoid space?

Median and lateral apertures

The thalamus primarily functions as:

A relay station for sensory information traveling to the cerebral cortex

Which of the following describes white matter?

Contains myelinated axons that transmit signals over long distances

Which type of white matter connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain?

Commissural tracts

Which CNS structure is primarily responsible for coordinating movement and maintaining posture?

Cerebellum

The axon hillock is the site where:

Action potentials are initiated

The main difference between white matter and gray matter is that:

Gray matter processes information, white matter transmits it

The resting membrane potential of a neuron is typically around:

-70 mV

After leaving the lateral ventricles, CSF flows through the:

Interventricular foramina

Non-REM sleep is characterized by:

Slow brain waves and decreased physiological activity

The basal nuclei work closely with which other brain structure to fine-tune motor activity?

Cerebellum

T or F: A single neurotransmitter can only bind to one type od receptor (ionotropic or metabotropic).

False

Damage to the RAS can result in:

Coma or issues with sleep-wake cycles

Projection tracts (fibers) primarily connect:

The cerebral cortex with lower brain regions and the spinal cord

Which white matter tracts connect different regions within the same hemisphere?

Association tracts

The auditory cortex is located in the:

Temporal lobe

The dorsal horns contain the cell bodies of:

Sensory interneurons receiving input from sensory neurons

Which branch of the PNS regulates cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands?

Autonomic nervous system

The parasympathetic nervous system has which effect on the GI tract?

Increases motility and secretions

Proprioreceptors are located in:

Muscles, tendons, and joints

Which is a sympathetic response?

Dilating pupils

Parasympathetic effects are usually:

Localized and short-lived

Parasympathetic ganglia are located:

In or near target organs

Dual innervation allows:

Precise regulation of organ activity

Which best describes the efferent division?

Transmits motor commands from CNS to effectors

What is a nerve composed of?

Bundles of axons surrounded by connective tissue layers

Which plexus contains the phrenic nerve?

Cervical plexus

Sympathetic effects last longer because:

NE and EPI act as hormones in the bloodstream