Appendicular Skeleton A&P Quiz #4

What kind of bones does the appendicular skeleton consist of?

Bones of the limbs & supporting elements or girdles

How many bones in the appendicular skeleton

126 bones

• Pectoral girdle (4)

• Upper limbs (60)

• Pelvic girdle (2)

• Lower limbs (60)

Long Bone Anatomy

**Also remember medullary cavity houses bone marrow → lined by endosteum

Hyaline Cartilage

Most abundant type of connective tissue in the human body

• Contains chondrocytes (which are located in lacunae)

• Avascular

Found:

On the ends of bones where they form movable joints, the walls of the nose, larynx, trachea, and bronchi.

The costal cartilage connecting the ribs to the sternum.

**Lets bones glide smoothly past each other, holds open the tubes of the respiratory system

Epiphyseal plate

Hyaline cartilage plate where new bone growth occurs in long bones

It allows children and teenagers to grow taller by adding new bone length

Fibrocartilage

A tough, dense, and shock-absorbing type of cartilage made of thick bundles of collagen fibers

• Contains a mix of dense fibrous tissue and chondrocytes (cartilage cells)

• Lacks a perichondrium

• Avascular

• It is the strongest and least flexible type of cartilage in the human body.

Located: Between intervertebral discs, meniscus, pubic symphysis, labrum

Help stabilize, absorb shock, and distribute weight

Elastic Cartilage

A flexible type of connective tissue packed with elastin fibers that allows body structures to bend repeatedly and return to their original shape.

Found in: Ear, auditory tubes, epiglottis, larynx

Contains: Elastic fibers, chondrocytes, perichondrium

Pectoral girdle

The set of bones in the human body that connects the upper limbs to the axial skeleton

Contains these bones: Clavicle, scapula

Contains these joints:

Sternoclavicular joint (only site of attachment to axial skeleton), Acromioclavicular (AC) joint (connects clavicle to scapula)

Glenohumeral joint (ball and socket joint)

Scapulothoracic joint (Where the scapula glides against the back of the rib cage using muscle support)

Name this joint

Sternoclavicular joint

• Connects clavicle to manubrium of sternum

Name this joint

Acromioclavicular (AC) joint

Label these sections of the clavicle

Also note:

smoother side of clavicle = superior, more groves and bumps = inferior side

Name this bone

Scapula

Name this

Coracoid process of scapula

Name this

Acromion

Name this structure

Glenoid Cavity

What is this?

Infraspinatus fossa

What is this?

Supraspinatus fossa

Name this bone

Humerus

Name this landmark

Head of humerus

Name this landmark

Anatomical neck of humerus

Name this landmark

Greater tubercle of humerus

Name this landmark

Lesser tubercle of humerus

Name this landmark

Intertubercular groove of humerus

Name this landmark

Deltoid tuberosity of humerus

Name this landmark

Lateral Epicondyle of humerus

Name this landmark

Medial epicondyle of humerus

Name this landmark

Capitulum
**On the lateral side of humerus

Name this landmark

Trochlea of humerus

Name this landmark, is it anterior or posterior?

Coronoid Fossa of humerus

Anterior

Name this landmark, is it anterior or posterior?

Olecranon fossa of humerus

Posterior

Is this a left or right humerus?

RIGHT

Tips: Orient so its similar to how it is in body, look for olecranon fossa and make sure its in the posterior position, make sure capitulum is lateral and trochlea is more medial

Name this bone

Ulna

What is the yellow area?

Trochlear notch of ulna

What is this process?

Coronoid Process

What is this process?

Olecranon process

What is this landmark?

Radial Notch

TIP: Remember ulna is medial, thus, to determine if its a right or left ulna the radial notch must be pointing lateral!!

What is this?

Ulnar head

What is this landmark?

Styloid process of the ulna

What bone is this?

Radius

**Remember its the lateral bone of forearm

What is this structure

Radial head

What is this landmark?

Radial neck

What is this landmark?

Radial tuberosity

What is this?

Ulnar notch

**Remember at distal end and points medial

What is this?

Styloid process of radius

Is this a right or left radius?

RIGHT

How do we know:

Smooth on front, bumpy on back → this photo shows the smooth distal end of the radius which means the bone is facing anterior, once that is oriented look where the styloid process is pointing. Remember styloid process should always point out towards thumb.

What are the carpals and how many are there?

Tiny little wrist bones

8 bones per hand (16 total on body)

Name the carpals 😔

So long to pinky, here comes the thumb

If you can see pisiform you are looking at the anterior side

If you can’t → posterior side

What are these bones and in what direction do you count them?

Metacarpals (create the palm of your hand)

Number 1 starts from thumb → end with #5 at pinky

How many phalanges do we have?

14 phalanges per hand → 28 total from hands

BUT

Don't forget about feet phalanges

14 per foot → 28 total from feet

THUS WE HAVE 56 TOTAL

What phalanges are these

Proximal phalanges

What phalanges are these

Middle phalanges

What phalanges are these

Distal phalanges

Bony pelvis

2 coxyl bones (that consist of illium, ischium, pubis) & sacrum & coccyx

Pelvic girdle

Consisting of the hip (coxal) bones (ilium, ischium, pubis)

What bone is this?

Ilium

Name this

Iliac fossa

Name this

Iliac crest

What joint is this?

Sacroiliac joint

What is this yellow structure?

Sacral promontory

What bone is this?

Pubis

What bone is this

Ischium

What is the highlighted green structure and what cartilage is it made of?

Pubic symphysis

Made of fibrocartilage and some hyaline cartilage

What is the red circle structure?

(pink box is covered up term)

Pubic arch

What is this?

Pubic crest

What is the green highlighted structure?

Ischial spine

Pelvic brim vs pelvic inlet

Pelvic brim: The bony boundary/rim around the opening

Pelvic inlet: The actual opening/space enclosed by that boundary

What structure is this?

Acetabulum/ cotyloid cavity

What is this?

Ischial tuberosity

Also called the sit bone

Supports your upper body weight when you sit.

What is this?

Obturator foramen

Male vs female pelvis differences

Female pelvis:

• Lighter and thinner

• Female inlet is wide, large, and oval or round

• The angle under the pubic bones in females is wide and greater than 90 degrees (obtuse)

• The female sacrum is short, wide, and curved outward

• The female coccyx is more flexible and straighter.

Male pelvis:

• Pelvis is thick, heavy, and dense.

• Inlet is narrow and heart-shaped

• Pubic arch is narrow and less than 90 degrees

• Male sacrum is long, narrow, and straighter.

• Coccyx is less flexible and curves inward

Name the ligament with the arrow pointing to it

Ligamentum teres

→ Connects the ball (head of the femur) to the socket (acetabulum).

What ligament is this?

Acetabular labrum

What ligament is this

Transverse acetabular ligament

What is the red ligament?

Iliofemoral ligament

**Look for Y shape in the anterior view

Strongest ligament in the human body

What is the green ligament?

Pubofemoral ligament

What ligament goes here?

Ischiofemoral ligament

What is this?

Fovea capitis

What is this

Femoral head

What is the yellow structure

Femoral neck

What is this?

Greater trochanter

What is this?

Lesser trochanter

What is this? **Acknowledge anterior view

Intertrochanteric Line

What is this? **Acknowledge posterior view

Intertrochanteric crest

What is this? **Landmark on posterior view

Gluteal tuberosity

What is this?

Linea aspera

What are these lines (Area where it splits)

Medial and lateral suprachondral lines

What is this? (posterior view)

Intercondylar notch

What is this

Medial condyle

What is this?

Lateral condyle

What is this?

Lateral epicondyle of femur

What is this?

Medial epicondyle

What is the line with the grey box referring to?

Abductor tubercle of femur

What is this?

Patellar surface of femur

What bone is this?

Patella

What bone is this?

Tibia

What is this landmark?

Tibial tuberosity

What is this?

Medial condyle of tibia

What is this?

Lateral condyle of tibia

What is the pin pointing to?

Medial malleolus

What is this?

Intercondylar eminence