Abnormal Psych Exam 3

mutually influential

clinicians make note of relevant medical conditions when assigning psychiatric diagnoses, psychological factors and medical conditions are ______ ________

behavioral medicine

application of behavioral science to preventing, diagnosing, and treating medical problems

health psychology

one part of behavioral medicine. studies psychological factors that promote and maintain good health

psychological and behavioral patterns

can influence the basic biological processes and put people at risk subsequently. and example of this is AIDS. Stress can effect the immune system and engaging in unsafe sex can potentially expose the individual to HIV.

AIDS

is the leading cause of death in the U.S. 50 % of cases are linked to lifestyle and behavior patterns.

nature of stress

stress: type of physiological response of an individual. stressor: event that evokes stress response. stress responses vary from person to person

biology of stress

activates the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system, it activates the JPA axis, producing cortisol. neuromodulatoars and neuropeptides act like neurotransmitters.

hippocampus

the __________ help[s turn off the HPA cycle. chronic stress may damage cells in the hippocampus. continued damage to the hippocampus, impaired functioning of the immune system, high blood pressure are a result of high long term stress.

Vulnerabilities

____________ in mental illness such as perceived uncontrollability, low social support, and negative affect contribute to physical illness.

perceived sense of control

whether or not stress and or anxiety develop in a stressful situation appears to be related to one’s __________________.

self-efficacy

belief in one’s own ability to influence the environment

leukocytes

include macrophages and lymphocytes. These cells are part of the immune system.

macrophages

first line of defense, destroy antigens, signal lymphocytes

lymphocytes

B cells and T cells. B cells produce antibodies but T cells do not. after neutralizing a threat , memory cells are created so body can better respond to similar threats in the future.

stress

_______dramatically and quickly alters immune function

autoimmune disease

immune system is overactive and attacks body’s own cells —- less able to fight off external threats.

psychoneuroimmunology

studying the psychological functions contributing to the neurobiological influence on the immune system

psycho-oncology

study of psychological factors and their relation to cancer

• the immune systems lymphocytes and macrophages becoming weakened against multiplying cancer cells because of how stress effects the immune system.

• also perceived lack of control, bad coping, and lifestyle risky behaviors are psychological factors that affect this disease

acute pain

follows an injury, goes away by itself

chronic pain

may begin acutely but does not go away by itself. the severity of pain does not predict the reaction to it.

binge eating

eating excess amounts of food in a discrete period of time.

• the eating is perceived as uncontrollable

• may be associated with guilt, shame, or regret

• may hide behavior from family members

• foods consumed are often high in sugar, fat or carbohydrates

compensatory behaviors

behaviors designed to “make up” for the binge eating. these include things like purging, excessive exercise, fasting or food restriction

hallmark of bulimia nervosa

out of control eating followed by compensatory behavior

bulimia: associated medical features

most are within 10% of normal body weight, dental issues, kidney failure, cardiac arrhythmia, seizures, intestinal problems, colon damage

bulimia: associated psychological features

overly concerned with body shape, fear of gaining weight, comorbidity psychological disorder

hallmark of anorexia

extreme weight loss

anorexia nervosa: overview

restriction of calorie intake below energy requirements; may also involve binging and purging; defined as 15% below expected weight ; intense fear of weight gain and losing control over-eating; people suffering from anorexia show a relentless pursuit of thinness; often begins with dieting

anorexia nervosa: associated features

marked disturbance in body image; comorbid psychological disorder; one of the most deadly psychological disorders because starving the body borrows energy from internal organs, which for example can result in organ damage of the heart and lead to heart attack or death.

binge eating disorder

new disorder int he DSM. Binge eating without associated compensatory behaviors and associated with distress and or functional impairment

bulimia stats

90 percent are female, onset is typically in adolescence, 6-7 percent of college women suffer from bulimia at some point, tends to be chronic if left untreated

anorexia stats

majority are female and white, from middle to upper class families, usually develops around early adolescence, more resistant to treatment than bulimia.

serotonin

deficits in _______ may contribute to bingeing

psychological and behavioral considerations of bulimia and anorexia

low sense of personal control and self confidence, perfectionist attitudes, distorted body image, preoccupation with food, mood intolerance

sociocultural

the strongest contribution to eating disorders seems to be ____________. other interacting factors that must be considered include dietary restraint, family influences, biological dimensions, psychological dimensions.

CBT

identifying maladaptive thinking patterns and behavioral habits, then the gradual practice of new habits.

weight loss drugs

______ ____ _____ are no longer recommended for those who binge eat

progression of goals for the treatment of anorexia

weight restoration, psychoeducation. behavioral and cognitive interventions, treatment often involves the family, long term prognosis for anorexia is poorer than those with bulimia.

obesity

considered a BMI of 30 plus. not a DMS disorder, but may be a consequence.

night eating disorder

consumer a third of daily caloric intake after dinner, get up during the night to eat, patients are wide awake and do not binge eat, often not hungry - skip breakfast the next morning.

obesity treatment steps

self directed weight loss programs, commercial self help programs, behavior modification programs, bariatric surgery

dyssomnias

difficulties in amount, quality, or timing of sleep

parasomnias

abnormal behavior and physiological events during sleep

immune function

just a few hours of sleep deprivation decreases

insomnia disorder

most common sleep disorder, microsleeps are common, has typical problems initiating sleep, maintaining sleep, and waking too early in the morning. only diagnosed as a disorder if not better explain by something else.

• person may have unrealistic expectations about sleep

• they may believe a lack of sleep is more disruptive than it really is.

hypersomnolence disorder

sleeping too much or excessive sleep, and this becomes a problem. complain of sleepiness throughout the day, able to sleep through the night

narcolepsy

recurrent intense need for sleep. lapses into sleep or napping. also accompanied by at least one of these:

• cataplexy

• going into REM sleep abnormally fast

breathing- related sleep disorders

include obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea - airflow stops but the respiratory system works; central sleep apnea - respiratory system stops for brief periods; sleep related hypoventilation - decreased breathing during sleep not better explained by another sleep disorder

circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorder

disturbed sleep (either things like insomnia or excessive sleepiness) leading to distress and or functional impairment due to the brain’s inability to synchronize day and night

Sleep terrors

recurrent episodes of panic-like symptoms during non-rem sleep

somnambulism

sleep walking disorder, occurs during non-rem sleep. usually during first few hours of deep sleep, the person must leave bed

nightmare disorders

repeated episodes of extended, extremely dysphoric dreams leading to distress and or impairment in daily life

sleep behavior disorder

repeated episodes or arousal during sleep associated with vocalization and or complex motor behaviors

development of sexual orientation

interaction of biopsychosocial influences. for example, homosexuality has a small genetic component where as 50% of identical twins raised together do not share sexual orientation.

paraphilia disorders

sexual attraction to inappropriate people or atypical objects, has a high comorbidity. only considered disordered if clinically significant distress or impairment or acts on urges with a non-consenting person. goes beyond objects and into fantasies and urges aswell

fetishistic disorder

sexual attraction to non human objects, for example, rubber or feet, shoes

frotteuristic disorder

persistent pattern of seeking sexual gratification form rubbing up against unwilling others

voyeurism

observing an unsuspecting individual undressing, naked, or engaging in sexual activity

exhibitionism

exposure of genitals to unsuspecting strangers

transvestic disorder

sexual arousal with the act of cross-dressing

sexual sadism

inflicting pain or humiliation to attain sexual gratification

sexual masochism

suffering pain or humiliation to attain sexual gratification

pedophilic disorder

sexual attraction to prepubescent children. majority of sufferers are males.

causes of paraphilia disorders

difficulty forming normal relationships, deficits in typical sexual experiences, relationship difficulties in childhood or adolescence. early experiences may lead to sexual associations by chance, then reinforced through masturbation, often have a very high sex drive

covert sensitization

imagining averse consequences to form negative associations with deviant behavior

gender dyspohoria

desire to assume the identity of the other sex, trapped in the wrong body, the causes are unclear. the foal is not sexual. it only becomes a disorder when it causes distress or significant impairment.

tolerance

needing more of a substance to get the same effect or effect from the same amount

withdrawal

physical symptom reaction when substance is discontinued after regular use

5 main categories of substances

depressants, stimulants, opiates, hallucinogens, other drugs of abuse

substance use disorders in the DSM

need 2 or more of the following within a year:

• taking more of the substance than intended

• desire to cut down use

• excessive time spent using/acquiring/recovering

• craving for the substance

• role disruption

• interpersonal problems

• reduction of important activities

• use in physically hazardous situations

• keep using despite causing physical or psychological problems

• tolerance

• withdrawal

depressants - alcohol (features)

central nervous system depressant, increases the inhibitory effects of GABA.

effects of chronic alcohol use

intoxication and withdrawal, liver disease, pancreatitis brain damage, cardiovascular disorders, dementia and wernicke’s disease, FAS

Sedative, hypnotic, or anxiolytic related disorders

sedatives calm, hypnotics induce sleep, and anxiolytic reduce anxiety. all influences amounts of GABA

stimulants (overview)

include things like amphetamines, cocaine, nicotine, and caffeine. usually a high then a crash.

nicotine

stimulates acetylcholine receptors in the CNS. results in sensations of relaxation, wellness, pleasure. highly addictive.

opioids

activate the boys enkephalins and endorphins. low does endue euphoria drowsiness and lowed breathing. high does can result in death.

hallucinogens

chain the way the user perceives the world. may produces delusions, paranoia, hallucinations, altered sensory perception, etc. some examples include marijuana and LSD