Biodiversity Unit 3- Kingdom Animalia

invertebrates

no backbones, 95% of animals, mostly insects

vertebrates

have backbones, only 50,000 to 60,000 species

what are some advantages of multicellularity?

large size, mobility, stable internal environment, stable internal environment, relative independence from environment

radial symmetry

interacting w/ world from a 360 degree perspective, noncentralized nervous system

bilateral symmetry

centralization of sensory structures producing a head (cephalization)

cleavage patterns

rapid series of mitotic cell divisions to produce cells for production of future tissues and organs

cell fate

at some stage in development, most cells are programmed to differentiate

indeterminate cell fate

animals w/ late cell differentiation, cell masses might separate but still produce 2 complete animals

determinate cell fate

animals w/ early cell differentiation, cell masses rarely develop into 2 complete animals

development stages- morula

product of rapid mitotic cell divisions, solid mass of cells

development stages- blastula w/ blastocoel

morula undergoes hollowing to form this stage, the chamber/cavity is called the blastocoel

development stages- gastrula w/ blastopore and archenteron (gut)

blastula invaginates, producing the primitive gut- opening of the tube- blastopore

protostomes

blastospore becomes mouth, determinate cleavage, spiral cleavage, mesoderm splits to form coelom

deuterostomes

blastopore becomes anus, indeterminate cleavage, radial cleavage, mesoderm outpockets to form coelom

germ layers

responsible for initial establishment and maintenance of tissues, organs, systems- endoderm, mesoderm, exoderm

coelom

fluid-lined cavity that protects internal organs and allows them to move and grow at independent rates from outer body tissues

schizocoely

masses of mesoderm split near the blastopore, internal splits in these masses create cavities lined entirely by mesoderm

enterocoely

portions of archenteron form outpockets that eventually separate from the gut to form mesoderm w/ cavities lined entirely by the mesoderm

visceral

membrane

mesenteries

where the visceral and parietal lining types combine

pseudocoelomate

body cavity lined only partially by mesoderm (real body cavity, NOT a real coelom)

acoelomate

no body cavity, NOT a coelom or pseudocoelom

branch parazoa

side branch to main animal evolution

branch eumetazoa

main branch of animal evolution

parazoans “poorly defined tissues”

phylum placozoa, porifera

phylum placozoa

the most primitive metazoan

phylum porifera

sponges

phylum porifera general characteristics

sessile, filter water through canal system, mostly marine

3 body plans of a sponge

asconoid, syconoid, leuconoid

outer body layers of a sponge

porocytes, myocytes

middle body layers of a sponge

spicules, spongin, amoebocytes, collencytes

inner layers of a sponge

choanocytes

asexual reproduction methods of sponge

regeneration, budding, gemmules

sexual reproduction methods of sponge

dioecious, monoecious

dioecious species

species with two types of individuals representing males and females

monoecious species

species with only one type of individual simultaneously representing both males and females

classification- classes of sponges

class calcarea, hexactinellida (glass sponge), *demospongiae, sclerospongiae

branch eumetazoa- grade radiata phylums

phylum cnidaria, phylum ctenophora

phylum cnidaria general characteristics

mouth w/ tentacles, no anus but has gut (incomplete GI tract), cnidae, diploblastic w/ organs

metagenesis in phylum cnidaria

medusae are motile and produce gametes via meiosis. ployp is sessile and asexually reproduces via mitosis. both are diploid

cnidae

intracellular structure with everting thread or substance inside a capsule

3 cnidaes

nematocyst, spirocyst, ptychocyst

nematocyst

thread with toxin everted

spirocyst

elongate thread for adhesion

ptychocyst

substance used to construct tube for burrowing sea anemones

nerve net in phylum cnidaria

cniadarians have one of the earliest known nervous systems- form of network of neurons w/ ganglia. cephalization does not occur

phylum cnidaria classification classes

classes hydrozoa, scyphozoa, anthozoa

class hydrozoa general traits

medusoid or polypoid, acelluar mesoglea and cnidae in epidermis, undergo metagenesis

class hydrozoa polymorphism

gastrozooid, gonozooid (gonangium), dactylozooid, skeletozooid

gastrozoid

responsible for digestion

gonozoids

reproductive polyp

dactylozooid

weapons, loaded with nematocysts

skeletozooid

secrete a covering where the hydroids can protect themselved with

obelia

a hydroid colony

examples of phylum cnidaria

man-of-war, hydra, obelia, hermit crab hydroid w/dactlyozooid lashing, fire corals

why are hydra atypical?

because they are individuals

class syphozoa general traits

medusoid and polypoid, medosoid dominant, cellular mesoglea, cnidae in epidermis and gastrodermis

life cycle

scyphistoma, strobilation, ephyra (young mestuda), strobilation

examples of class scyphozoa

common jellyfish, cubomedusa sea wasp

class anthozoa common traits

polypoid only, cellular mesoglea, cnidae in epidermis and gastrodermis, mesenteries in gut

class anothozoa reproduction

sexual, asexual- budding and fission (longitudinal/transverse)

anthonian diversity

sea anemones, corals, ahermatypic corals, coral reefs

anthonian diversity- hermatypic corals w/ zooxanthellae

live symbiotically w/ corals, sea anemones, etc. provide food for host via photosynthesis, host provides growth environment

anthonian diversity- hermatypic corals

scleractinians or hexacorillia, coral bleaching

anthonian diversity- ahermatypic corals

octocorals or gorgonians, sea pen, sea fan, sea whip

Phylum ctenophora

usual medusalike w/no nematocysts and 8 comb rows w/2 2 tentacles, colloblasts, 2 classes: tentacula and nuda

branch eumetazoa

grade bilateria “acoelomata”

phylum platyhelminthes general characteristics

dorso-ventrally flattened, cephalized, tripoblastic, incomplete gi tract, protonephridia (flame cells)

phylum platyhelminthes reproduction

sexual (mostly hermaphroditic)- hypodermic impregnation

asexual- fission, regeneration

phylum platyhelminthes movement

adhesive glands, releaser glands, taxis (light and current)

phylum platyhelminthes classification

class turbellaria, trematoda, cestoda

class turbellaria

free-living, small, mostly marine, rhabdites

class trematoda- parasitice “flukes”

syncytium, suckers, complex life cycle w/ alternating hosts, primary vs. intermediate hosts

class cestoda

pork/beef parasitic tapeworm, lack gi tracts, scolex and proglottids

phylum platyhelminthes adaptations for parasitism

adhesive organ, sense organs reduced, digestive tract reduced/lost, body wall protection, fecundity increased, larval stages to facilitate passage from one host to another

ectoparasite vs endoparasite

outside of the body, inside of the body cells

pseudocoelomata

“aschelminthes”, wormlike, eutely, parthogenesis, phylums rotifera and nematoda

phylum nematoda

roundworms, unsegmented, nematode parasitism, abundant, free-living worms, longitudinal muscles and whipping

eucoelomata

lophophorate animals, protostomia and deuterostoma, coelom formation varies, blastopore fate varies, ribosomes and protostome-like

protostomes

phylum nemertea “ribbon worms”, proboscis, cephalized, complete gi tract, closed circulatory system, sexual, asexual fragmentation

protostomes feeding structures

proboscis w/ stylet, rhynchodeum, rhynchocoel(schizocoel,protostolme strcuture)

phylum mollusca general characteristics

abundant, aquatic and terrestrial forms

phylum mollusca body plan

soft parts: mantle, head/foot, visceral mass

hard part: shell

phylum mollusca excretory system

kidney=metanephridia=coelomoduct=gonoduct