EGGS 107 Natural Disasters EXAM 1

________Waves travel only through solids; on reaching liquid or gas, the wave energy is reflected back into rock or is converted to another form.

p waves

A shield volcano has a great

width compared to its height

Which of the following states has the lowest earthquake risk?

florida

The best time for an earthquake to occur to minimize loss of life is

during the night when most people are home and asleep

When oceanic lithosphere collides with another plate, the _________ in the process of subduction

older, colder plate turns downward beneath the younger, warmer plate

Earthquakes in Hawaii are mostly related to________

movement of volcanic magma beneath the ground

The blanket of sediment on the sea floor is _______ toward the ocean margins

very thin at the volcanic ridges and thickens

The growth rate of the world population equals

the birthrate plus the death rate

All the continents were once combined into a single supercontinent called________

pangaea

The crustal thickness in the Great Basin is ________ than mid-continental North American curst

thicker than oceanic crust and thinner

As the global human population increases, the death toll from natural disasters is expected to________

increase

Spreading centers are an ideal location for volcanism because_________

all of these answers are correct

Seismic waves that travel only near Earth's surface are of two main types: __________ waves.

love & rayleigh

Several recent earthquakes in Washington's Puget Sound region were caused by movement of the subducting ___________ Plate

juan de fuca

In 2015 the human population of the world was about______

7.3 billion

Earth's inner core is a 2,450-km diameter _________ mass with temperatures up to 4,300C

solid

Most of the 40 deadliest disasters between 1970 and 2013 occurred in a belt running from China and Bangladesh through India and Iran to Turkey. This area was practically vulnerable because_________

it has a high population density

______are the down-dropped areas in the middle of spreading-center domes that are being pulled apart

Horsts

The _______ waves travel fastest and moves in a push-pull fashion of alternating pulses of compression (push) and extension (pull)

p

The Great Basin region between the eastern Sierra Nevada in California and the Wasatch Mountains in Utah________in response to plate-tectonic forces.

has expanded in an east-west direction

The Charleston, South Carolina, earthquake of 1886 occurred along a seismic belt that may be related to______

an adjacent oceanic fracture zone on the Atlantic seafloor

When compared to California, seismic energy in the eastern U.S. is transmitted________

more effectively in the older, more solid rocks.

The most famous of all volcanoes probably is Vesuvius, and the most famous of its eruptions are those of 79 ce, which buried the cities of

pompeii and herculaneum

When rock heats and liquefies into magma its volume:

expands, and neighboring brittle rock must fracture and move out of the way

The hot-spot-melting-through-lithosphere process forms lines of extinct volcanoes on the ocean floor, from youngest to oldest_________

pointing in the direction of plate movement

Three basic classes of collisions include all but which of the following?

continental plate versus mantle plate

The rapid increase in human population during the past several centuries is an example of__________growth

exponential

Faults on which the dominant forces are extensional are recognized by the separation of the pulled-apart rock layers in a zone of omission; these are

normal faults

The greatest insurance dollar losses related to natural disasters between 1970 and 2013 occurred in______

the united states

The seismic-gap method of earthquake forecasting works by identifying_______

segments along a fault that not moved for the longest amount of time

Our solar system formed

through collisions of matter within a rotating cloud of gas, ice, dust, and other solid debris

Which of the following correctly lists the order the layers from the surface of Earth toward the center?

lithosphere, asthenosphere, mesosphere, and the core

Over_______ of volcanism is associated with edges of tectonic plates.

90%

Earthquakes are most commonly caused by

sudden earth movements along faults

Which state accounts for the greatest percentage of all U.S. earthquakes of magnitude of 3.5 and above?

alaska

The Dead Sea and the Sea of Gailee

are pulled-apart basins and the result of strike-slip motion

Silicon and Oxygen link up to form the silicon-oxygen

tetrahedron

The point on Earth's surface directly above the point where the fault first raptures is called the_____

epicenter

The return period of a disaster is the average number of years_______

between same-sized events

The viscosity of magma is lowered by

-increasing temperature

-decreasing SiO2 content

-decreasing crystal content

(all of these answers are correct)

First-order analysis of a seismogram record allows seismologists to do all but which of the following?

to develop a modified mercalli intensity map

If Basaltic Lava reaches the sea or a lake, it cools rapidly into__________ lava

pillow

The greatest earthquakes in the world occur_______

where plates collide with each other

_________ faults are commonly found at areas of plate convergence where subduction or continental collision

reverse

A rock subjected to higher temperatures would be expected to behave

in a less ductile manner

The dominant type of faulting in the Great Basin region is_____

normal faulting

Liquefaction occurs when seismic waves cause_______

water to be injected into sediment causing the grains to lose cohesion and behave like a fluid

Based on data for the period from 1970 to 2013,__________ experienced the greatest loss of life from natural disasters

Asia

The richter scale is set up so that for every________ increase in the amplitude of the recorded seismic wave, the Richter magnitude increases one number, e.g. from 4 to 5

ten-fold

Earth is about___________ years old

4.5 billion