AP U.S. History: Period 4 (1800–1848) - The Early Republic and Market Revolution

Legitimacy of Opposition

The political principle that loyal citizens can openly disagree with their government without being considered treasonous or undermining the constitutional system itself.

Revolution of 1800

The peaceful transfer of presidential power from the Federalist Party to the Democratic-Republican Party following the election of Thomas Jefferson, proving the U.S. Constitution could survive partisan change.

Louisiana Purchase (1803)

The U.S. acquisition of the Louisiana Territory from France for $\$15\text{ million}$, which doubled the nation's size, removed French presence, and secured control of New Orleans and the Mississippi River.

Strict Constructionism

The constitutional philosophy favored by Thomas Jefferson and the Democratic-Republicans asserting that the federal government can only exercise powers specifically granted to it by the text of the Constitution.

Loose Constructionism

The constitutional philosophy favored by Alexander Hamilton and the Federalists asserting that the federal government may take actions not explicitly forbidden by the Constitution under the "necessary and proper" clause.

Lewis and Clark Expedition

A government-funded scientific exploration of the newly acquired trans-Mississippi West and Pacific Northwest commissioned during Jefferson's presidency.

Judicial Review

The doctrine established under Chief Justice John Marshall granting the Supreme Court the authority to review laws and declare them unconstitutional.

Marbury v. Madison (1803)

The landmark Supreme Court ruling in which Chief Justice John Marshall established judicial review by declaring an authorization clause in the Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional.

Fletcher v. Peck (1810)

The Supreme Court case marking the first time a state law was declared unconstitutional, establishing that state legislation cannot invalidate a binding legal contract.

Martin v. Hunter's Lessee (1816)

The Supreme Court decision establishing that the federal Supreme Court has appellate jurisdiction over state court judgments in cases involving federal constitutional rights.

Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819)

The Supreme Court ruling that protected private corporate charters from state alterations under the Contract Clause of the Constitution.

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

The Supreme Court decision ruling that Maryland could not tax the Second Bank of the United States, affirming federal supremacy and the constitutionality of implied powers.

Cohens v. Virginia (1821)

The Supreme Court case that reaffirmed the high court's constitutional authority to review criminal convictions and decisions made by state supreme courts.

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)

The Supreme Court ruling invalidating a New York state steamboat monopoly and affirming that the federal government possesses exclusive authority to regulate interstate commerce.

Judicial Impeachment Campaign

Jefferson's partisan effort to remove