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synapse

junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and dendrite of cell body of the recieving neuron

neurotransmitter

chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gap between neurons

reuptake

a neurotransmitter’s reabsorption by the sending neuron

endorphins

naturally occurring opiod-like neurotransmitters linked to pain control and pleasure; “runner’s high”; “morphine within”

agonists

a molecule that increases neurotransmitter action or blocks reuptake

antagonists

decrease a neurotransmitter’s action by blocking production or release

endocrine system

body’s “slow” chemical communication system; a set of glands and fat tissue that secrete hormones into bloodstream

psycoactive drugs

chemicals that alter the brain, producing changes in moods and perceptions

substance abuse disorder

crossed over moderation; a disorder characterized by continues substance use despite resulting life disruption; continued use

tolerance

the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug → the user taking larger and larger doses before experiencing drug’s effect

addiction

an everyday term for compulsive substance use that continues despite harmful consequences; substance use disorder

withdrawl

the discomfort and distress that follows discontinuing an addictive drug or behavior

depressants

calm neural activity and slow body functions; ex) alcohol, barbiturates, and opioids

alcohol

acts as a disinhibitor, slows brain activity that controls judgement and inhibitions, slows sympathetic nervous system

barbituates

tranquilizers, depress nervous system activity

opiods

depress neural functioning, lessen pain and anxiety; ex.) heroin, methadone, pain relief narcotics

stimulants

excite neural activity and speed up body functions; used for feeling alert, losing weight, boosting mood, and boosting athletic performance; ex.) nicotine, cocaine, methamphetamine, ecstasy

cocaine

powerfully addictive stimulant from coca plant; enters bloodstream quickly leading to euphoria; depletes neurotransmitters dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine in the brain

methamphetamine

stronger effects than amphetamines; triggers release of the neurotransmitter dopamine (reduced baseline dopamine levels)

ecstasy

stimulant and mild hallucinogen; triggers dopamine release, releases stores serotonin and blocks reuptake; dehydrates, suppresses immune system, impairs memory thought and disrupts sleep but interfering with serotonin’s control of circadian

hallucinogens

psychedelics; distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input

LSD

synthetic, acid trip, euphoria → detachment → panic

marijuana

plant containing THC → mix of effects; amplifies sensitivity to colors, sounds, tastes, and smells; relaxes, disinhibits, and may produce a euphoric high