psych test 42789

What is lifespan development

The field of study that examines patterns of growth change instability in behavior that occur throughout the lifespan

What is a cohort

A group of people born at around the same time in the same place

What is continuous change

Development is gradual with achievements at one level building on those of previous levels. It's quantitative

What is discontinuous change

It occurs in different stages. Each stage brings about behavior that is assumed to be qualitatively different from behavior at previous stages

Critical period

A specific time during development when a particular event has its greatest consequences

Sensitive period

Organisms are particularly susceptible to certain kinds of stimuli in their environments

Paul baltes

Development across a lifespan includes both gains and losses with age. Certain capabilities become more refined in sophisticated whereas others decline

What do cohorts subject people to

Influences based on historical events, people are also subject to age graded influences, socio-cultural, graded influences and non-normative life events

How are the developmental periods of infancy and adolescent similar

Both have a clear-cut boundary for when they begin

Which of the following statements best describes discontinuous change

New behavior is qualitatively different than the behavior it replaces

Compared to young children, adults have much harder times learning a new language. Researchers studying this phenomenon are mainly addressing which key issue in development

Critical versus sensitive periods

In the nature versus nurture discussion, the term nurture refers to

Environmental influences

What is the psychodynamic perspective

Advocates believe that much behavior is motivated by interforces memories and conflicts of which a person has little awareness or control

Who created the psychoanalytic theory

Sigmund freud

What are the three aspects of everyone's personality according to Sigmund Freud

Id ego and superego

What is id

Raw, unorganized, inborn part of personality that is present at birth

What is ego

The part of personality that is rational and reasonable

What is super ego

Represents a persons conscience including the distinction between right and wrong

Psychosexual desvelopmesnt

When a child passes through stages in which pleasure or gradification is focused

Who created psychosocial development theory

Erik Erikson

What does psychosocial development encompass

Changes in our interactions with and understandings of one another as well as in our knowledge and understanding of ourselves as a member of society

How many stages are part of psychosocial development

Eight

Who thought that behavior throughout life is motivated by subconscious interforces and early memories that often stem from one's childhood

Freud

Who thought that human growth and change continued throughout the lifespan

Erik Erikson

Who believed that our development is driven by our social interaction with others as well as our understanding of ourselves as a member of society

Erikson

What does the behavioral perspective State

The keys to understanding development are observable behavior and environmental stimuli. If we know the stimuli, we can predict the behavior

What is classical conditioning

It occurs when an organism learns to respond in a particular way to a neutral stimulus

Who came up with classical conditioning

John b. Watson

What is operant conditioning

A form of learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened by its association with positive or negative consequences

Who developed operant conditioning

B f Skinner

What is behavior modification

A formal technique for promoting the frequency of desirable behaviors and decreasing the incidence of unwanted ones

What is social cognitive learning theory

An approach that emphasizes learning by observing the behavior of another person called a model

What is the cognitive perspective

The processes that allow people to know, understand and think about the world

Who believed that all people pass through a fixed sequence of universal stages of cognitive development

Jean piaget

What is the information processing approach

It seeks to identify the ways individuals take in use and store information

What are cognitive neuroscience approaches

They look at cognitive development at the level of the brain processes

What is the humanistic perspective

It contends that people have a natural capacity to make decisions about their lives and to control their behavior

Who was one of the main proponents of the humanistic perspective

Carl Rogers

What is the contextual perspective

It considers the relationship between individuals and their physical, cognitive personality and social worlds

What is the bioecological approach

It suggests that there are five levels of the environment that simultaneously influence individuals

Who suggested that we cannot fully understand development without considering how a person is influenced by each of these levels

Bronfenbrenner

What are the 5 systems that bronfenbrenner suggested

Microsystem mesosystem exosystem macrosystem in Chrono system

What is the microsystem

Immediate environment of children's daily lives homes caregivers Friends and teachers are all influences but children help construct this system

What is the meso system

It binds children to parents, students to teachers, employees to bosses and friends to friends and acknowledges the direct and indirect influences that bind us to one another

What is the exosystem

It represents broader influences societal institutions such as local government, Community schools, places of worship, and local media

What is the macrosystem

It represents larger cultural influences on an individual, including society in general types of government, religious and political value systems, and other encompassing factors

What is the Chrono system

It involves the way the passage of time, including historical events are and more gradual historical changes affects children's development

Who created the sociocultural theory

Vygotsky

What is the sociocultural theory

It emphasizes how cognitive development proceeds as a result of social interactions between members of a culture

What is naturalistic observation

The observation of naturally occurring behavior without intervention

What is a psychophysiological method

Focuses on the relationship between physiological processes and behavior

What is an electroencephalogram

It uses electrodes placed on the skull to record electrical activity in the brain. The brain activity is transformed into pictorial representations of brain wave patterns permitting the diagnosis of disorder such as epilepsy and learning disabilities

What is computed tomography

A computer constructs an image of the brain by combining thousands of individual x-rays taken at slightly different angles

What is a functional magnetic resonance imaging scan

Provides three-dimensional computer generated images of brain activity by aiming a powerful magnetic field at the brain

Theoretical research

Designed to test some developmental explanation and expand scientific knowledge

Applied research

Meant to provide practical solutions to immediate problems

Longitudinal research

The behavior of one or more study participants is measured as they age

cross-sectional study

People of different ages are compared at the same point in time

Sequential studies

Researchers examine a number of different age groups at several points in time

What are monozygotic twins

Twins that are genetically identical

What are dyzygotic twins

They are produced when two separate OVA are fertilized by two separate sperm at roughly the same time

Polygenic inheritance

Combination of multiple Gene pairs is responsible for the production of a particular trait

What is ultrasound sonography

High frequency sound waves bombard the mother's womb producing an image of The unborn baby whose size and shape can then be assessed

Amniocentesis

Between the 15th and 20th weeks of pregnancy, it examines a sample of amniotic fluid which contains fetal cells recommended if either parent carries Tay-Sac spina bifida sickle cell down syndrome, muscular dystrophy or RH disease

Chorionic villus sampling

Done at 8:00 to 11 weeks, either trans abdominally or transovically depending on where the placenta is located, involves inserting a needle abdominally or a catheter cervically into the substance of the placenta by staying outside the amniotic sac and removing 10 to 15 mg of tissue

Embryoscopy

Examine the embryo or fetus during the first 12 weeks of pregnancy by means of fiber optic endoscope inserted through the cervix can be performed as early as 5 weeks. Access to feudal circulation may be obtained through the instrument and direct visualization of the embryo permits. The diagnosis of malformations

Fetal blood sampling

Performed at 18 weeks of pregnancy by collecting a small amount of blood from the umbilical cord for testing used to detect down syndrome and most other chromosome abnormalities in the fetuses of couples who are at increased risk of having an infected child

Sonoembryology

Used to detect abnormalities in the first trimester of pregnancy. Involves high frequency transvaginal probes in digital image processing in combination with ultrasound

Ultrasound sonogram

High frequency sound waves to detect structural abnormalities or multiple pregnancies measure fetal growth judge gestational age and evaluate uterine abnormalities

What is and when is the germinal stage

Fertilization to 2 weeks. It's the first and shortest characterized by methodical cell division and the attachment of the organism to the cell wall of the uterus 3 days after fertilization the saigo consists of 32 cells, a number that doubles by the next day within a week the zygote multiplies to 100 to 150 cells. The cells become specialized with some forming a protective layer around the zygote

When is and what is the embryonic stage

2 to 8 weeks the zygo is now designated an embryo. The embryo develops three layers which ultimately forms a different set of structures as development proceeds. The layers are as follows. Ectoderm skin sense organs brain spinal cord endodorm digestive system liver respiratory system mesador muscles blood circulatory system

When is and what is the fetal stage

8 weeks to birth starts when the differentiation of the major organs has occurred now called a fetus. The individual growth grows rapidly as length increases 20 times at 4 months. The fetus weighs an average of 4 oz at 7 months 3 lb and at the time of birth just over 7 lb

Ectoderm

Skin hair teeth sense organs the brain and the spinal cord

Endoderm

Digestive system liver, pancreas and respiratory system

Mesoderm

Muscles, bones, blood and circulatory system

Infertility

The inability to conceive after 12 to 18 months of trying

Artificial insemination

Mansperm is placed directly into a woman's reproductive tract by physician

In vitro fertilization

Kova are removed from ovaries and a man's sperm is used to fertilize the OVA in a laboratory

Teratogen

An environmental agent such as a drug, chemical virus or other factor that produces a birth defect s. The fetus from these

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder

A disorder that may include below average intelligence and sometimes intellectual disability delayed growth and facial deformities

Fetal alcohol effects

Condition in which children display some of the problems of fasd due to their mother's consumption of alcohol during pregnancy

How are sperm and ova alike

Both enter the fallopian tubes

What is the hormone that leads to birth

Corticotropin releasing hormone

Apgar scale

Standard measurement system that looks for a variety of indications of good health

Five qualities of the apgar system

Appearance/ color. Heart rate grimace/reflex irritability activity/ muscle tone and respiration/ respiratory effort

Lamaze method

Uses breathing techniques and relaxation training. Typically mothers to be a 10-weekly. Training sessions to learn to relax various parts of the body on command

Bradley method

Husband, coach childbirth is based on the principal that children should be natural without medication or medical intervention

Hypnobirthing

Self hypnosis during delivery that produces a sense of peace and calm, thereby reducing pain

Preterm infants

Born before 38 weeks

Low birth weight infants

Weigh less than 2500 grams or 5.5 pounds

Small for gestational age infants

Weigh 90% or less of the average weight of infants of the same gestational age

Very low birth weight infants

Weigh less than 1250 grams or 2.25 pounds

Postmature infants

Those still unborn 2 week after the mothers due date face several risks

Stillbirth

Delivery of a child who is not alive less that 1 in 100

Infant mortality

5.8 deaths per 1000 live births

Classical conditioning

Natural stimulus

Habituation

Decrease in response to a stimulus after multiple occurrences

Cephalocaudal principle

Follows a direction that begins with the head and upper body parts and then proceeds to the rest of the body

Proximodistal principle

Development proceeds from the center of the body outward

Hierarchical integration

Simple skills develop desperately and independently but simple skills are integrated into more complex ones