PHIL 1230 Lesson 1 — Introduction to Critical Thinking

What is critical thinking?

Carefully evaluating whether to believe, disbelieve, or withhold assent on a claim.

Main purpose of critical thinking

To arrive at well-reasoned beliefs and make sound, rational decisions.

Critical thinking vs. merely criticizing

Critical thinking evaluates and builds reasons; merely criticizing just finds fault without justification.

Example of choosing a major

Choosing based on genuine interest and where you will do your best.

Role of reasons in critical thinking

Involves identifying, assessing, and weighing proposed reasons for claims.

How reasoning informs beliefs

Clear and rational reasoning ensures our beliefs are supported by adequate evidence.

How reasoning informs actions

Rational reasoning guides practical decisions and actions effectively toward our goals.

Domain-general skill

A skill like critical thinking that applies across many different subjects and life situations.

Why critical thinking is domain-general

Because principles of logic and reasoning are not limited to one academic discipline.

Role of practice in critical thinking

Improving requires active, repeated application to various arguments and scenarios.

Role of feedback in critical thinking

External critique helps correct biases and logical errors we miss ourselves.

Three stances toward a claim

Belief, disbelief, and withholding assent.

What is a claim?

A statement that is either true or false, serving as a target for evaluation.

Identifying reasons

Spotting premises or arguments offered to support a particular conclusion.

Evaluating reasons

Assessing whether proposed reasons are true, relevant, and strong enough.

Mindset of a critical thinker

Open-minded, curious, and willing to examine assumptions based on evidence.

Obstacle to critical thinking

Cognitive biases, emotional attachments, and unexamined dogmas that impair reasoning.