unit 3 infection control test review

What is a Superbug

A microbe that can only be seen with a microscope

What are pathogens?

Microbes that are harmful and cause infections

What are non-pathogens

Microbes that do not usually cause an infection

List the four major types of microbes and give examples of each

1)parasite: lice, malaria

2) fungi: yeast and mold, ringworm

3) virus: Covid 19, Spanish flu

4) Bacteria: streptococcus, bacilli, sprilla

Protective shell is a bacteria surrounded by

A spore coat

infections caused by bacteria treated by what?

-Antibiotics

-but some bacterial infections can be prevented through vaccination

What is the smallest microorganism?

A virus

How is a virus spread?

Buy contact with blood and body fluids

How do you treat viruses?

-Diseases can be prevented by vaccination

-a fe antiviral medications exist for specific types of viral infections

What vaccinations are required for healthcare workers

-Hep B virus is recommended

-yearly influenza vaccination is highly recommended

-required to have a two step tuberculosis skin test

What do parasites need in order to survive?

A host

Do all parasites harm the host And what do they do if they harm the host?

-No, some parasites don’t affect the host

-harmful parasites make the hosts sick resulting in a parasitic infection

Examples of parasites

Malaria, trichomoniasis, cryptosporidiosis and toxoplasmosis

What do microbes need in order to live and grow?

- need a reservoir

-need a warm and dark environment

-Grow best at body temperature

-Need water and nourishment from the reservoir

How are microbes destroyed?

Destroyed by heat and light

What is normal flora

Microbes that live in grow in a certain area

When does a normal flora become a pathogen?

-Becomes a pathogen when transmitted from its natural site to another site

What does MRO stand for?

Multi drug resistant organisms

What are super bugs?

Microbes that have become resistant to the common medication

Why are MRO’s caused by?

-over prescribing medication

-Misuse of medication

Who is at the greatest risk for an MRO

People with Weak immune system, babies, older adult adults, and people with serious medical conditions

three common Practices used to prevent the growth and spread of microorganisms

-antiseptics

-Disinfection

-Sterilization

What are antiseptics, give example, What do they do?

-Solutions that are applied directly to the skin

-alcohol and Betadine

-They prevent or slow the growth of pathogens

What is disinfection, What does it mainly used on, Give an example, why is it not used on skin

-use a strong chemicals to kill many pathogens

-Used on objects and furniture

-Bleach and zephirin

-causes irritation or trauma

What is sterilization, Why is it the best way to kill microbes and spores, Give an example of a sterilization machine

-sterilization uses steam under pressure

-Best way because it kills all micro organisms

-other methods of sterilization include use of chemicals, radiation, and gas

What is an infection?

A disease state, resulting from the invasion and growth of pathogens in the body

What is a local infection?

In a certain body part

What is a systematic infection?

Involves the whole body

1. What are common signs of infection?

1. Redness

2. Swelling

3. Tenderness

4. Fever and chills

What are the Three possible outcomes of exposure to pathogens

1. Your immune system destroys the pathogen

2. Immune system does not destroy the pathogen, but no infection develops (person becomes a carrier, harboring the disease)

3. An infection develops after exposure(communicable phase: the infectious period) (incubation period: time in between when an infection starts showing symptoms)

What does HAI stand for, what is it, what is it also called

Healthcare associated infection

-an infection that develops in a client that is being threaten where healthcare is given

-also called nosocomial infections

What are HAI’s caused by and give examples of common HAI infections

-normal flora

-ex: urinary tract infections, pneumonia, colds, skin, gastrointestinal system (neasea, diarrhea)

Six factors of chain of infection in order and what they are

-pathogen: harmful microbe that harms body

-reservoir: a place where microbes can grow and are collected/stored

-portal of exit: how the pathogen exits the body

-mode of transmission: how the pathogen gets transmitted

-portal of entry: how the pathogen gets inside body

-susceptible host: a person who lacks the immunity to fight off a pathogen

Examples of pathogen

-virus

-bacteria

-parasite

-fungus

Examples of reservoirs

-Humans

-Formites: contaminated objects (doorknobs, handles)

-animals and insects

Examples of portal of exit

-bodily openings: mouth, nose, urethral

-breaks in mucus membranes: mouth, eyes, rectum

-breaks in skin

-carried through portals by blood and bodily fluids

examples of mode of transmission

-droplet transmission

-airborne transmission

-an infected vector

-direct (touch) and indirect(formites)physical contact

Ex: chickenpox or varicella is transmitted both by direct contact and airborne droplet

Examples of portal of entry

-Bodily openings

-Brakes in mucous membranes

-Breaks in the skin

-Carried by blood and bodily fluids

Susceptible host what is needed in order to become infected, What happens to a person with weak immunity?

-Micro organisms must be present in a large value to be virulent

-A person with a weakened immune system is immunocompromised

Three practices that help prevent infection

-medical apsepsis

-isolation precautions

-surgical asepsis

What are aseptic practices used for

To keep an area free of disease-producing microorganisms

Two types of aseptic techniques and what are they

-Medical asepsis(clean technique): purpose is to maintain a clean environment to reduce spread

-Surgical asepsis(sterilization): clears all microorganisms and spores, operating rooms are sterile, if a clean item touches sterile it’s contaminated

What are Isolation precautions and what are the two types

-Guidelines to prevent the spread of communicable(contagious)diseases

-Two types: standard precautions (routine), expanded precautions(transmission based)

When are standard precautions used and why

-everyone when care is given

-prevent spread of infection from blood and all bodily fluids

PPE for standard precautions

-Gloves

-gowns

-mask and goggles

three types of expanded precautions

3 types: airborne, droplet and contact

Where is pt usually placed in an expanded precaution

-semi private/private room to keep pathogens in one area

What are Airborne precautions used for

-Diseases that are transmitted through air currents

-room is kept under negative pressure to keep air in room

-door must remain closed

What do you do for droplet precautions

-patient in private room

-must weak mask within three feet

What do you do for contact precautions

Must don gloves and gown since infections could be transmitted by indirect or direct contact

-extremely important for MRSA and VRE which are antibiotic resistant bacteria’s

how do you dispose of sharps

-place into a container that is tightly capped, puncture resistant and leak proof

How do you dispose of contaminated items

-placed into a BIOHAZARDOUS bag