Chapter 1 — Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

Vocabulary flashcards covering foundational concepts, key historical figures, milestone systems, and economic impacts from Chapter 1 AI review notes.

Artificial Intelligence (AI)

Systems designed to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence, encompassing intelligent software and algorithms rather than solely humanoid robots.

Natural-Language Processing (NLP)

A domain of artificial intelligence focused on understanding and processing human language, exemplified by a chatbot interpreting a user's question.

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

The total economic value of all goods and services produced within a country over a specific time period.

UAE GDP AI Contribution Forecast

A projected economic forecast estimating that AI could contribute between $13\%$ and $14\%$ (specifically around $13.6\%$) of the UAE's GDP by the year $2030$.

Employer AI Adoption Rate

The finding that $86\%$ of employers identify artificial intelligence and information processing as a primary driver of business transformation.

AI and Big Data

A key competency identified in workforce projections as an essential skill for the future job market.

Alan Turing

The British mathematician who in $1950$ proposed the Turing Test to investigate whether machines can exhibit human-equivalent conversational intelligence.

Turing Test

A behavioral benchmark evaluating a human evaluator's ability to distinguish between machine-generated and human-generated conversation.

Dartmouth AI Workshop

The Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence held in $1956$, widely recognized as the founding event of AI as an academic discipline.

John McCarthy

The computer scientist who officially coined the term 'artificial intelligence' at the Dartmouth workshop in $1956$.

ELIZA

An early natural-language processing chatbot that simulated conversational interaction primarily through predefined scripts and pattern matching.

Shakey

An early autonomous mobile robot recognized for its ability to perceive, plan, and navigate actions within a physical environment.

AI Winter

A period of reduced funding and interest in AI research from $1974$ to $1980$, precipitated by unrealistic expectations exceeding actual technological capabilities.

Expert System

A traditional rule-based AI architecture that utilizes IF–THEN rules to mimic human reasoning in a specific domain, but cannot automatically learn from new data.

Knowledge Base

The repository component of an expert system containing stored facts, concepts, and domain-specific IF–THEN rules.

Inference Engine

The processing component of an expert system that applies logical IF–THEN rules to known facts to deduce new conclusions or recommendations.

MYCIN

A medical expert system developed at Stanford University designed to provide bacterial infection diagnoses and antibiotic recommendations.

Deep Blue

A specialized chess-playing computer developed by IBM that evaluated roughly $200\text{ million}$ positions per second and defeated world chess champion Garry Kasparov in $1997$.

IBM Watson

An AI question-answering system that defeated Jeopardy! champions Ken Jennings and Brad Rutter in $2011$ using an internal stored knowledge base without live internet connectivity.

Modern AI Growth Catalysts

The three concurrent factors driving modern AI acceleration: increased computing power, the availability of massive datasets, and major algorithmic research advances.

Algorithmic Bias and Fairness

A major responsible AI consideration that arises when automated algorithms perpetuate unfair outcomes, such as biased hiring recommendations.