Bio 114 Module Four Exam

Which lobe of the cerebrum contains the visual cortex?

Occipital lobe

Which condition is directly related to a retrovirus contracted from animal bites?

Rabies

In which disorder is there an insufficient amount of dopamine, raising muscle tone?

Parkinson’s disease

… contains major centers that regulate autonomic function, such as heart rate & blood pressure

The medulla oblongata

… functions in coordination and modulation of motor commands from the cerebral cortex

The cerebellum

Which structure is a thick tract of white matter that interconnects the two cerebral hemispheres?

Corpus callosum

The … gyrus contains the primary motor cortex

Precentral

Which condition causes the demyelination of neurons?

Multiple sclerosis (MS)

The limbic system…

is also known as the motivational system

Which cranial nerve is CN V, has three branches, and has both sensory and motor neurons?

Trigeminal

What are the four regions of the brain?

The cerebrum, cerebellum, diencephalon & the brain stem

What is the structure that surrounds and protects the brain?

The meninges

The dura mater…

Is the most durable meninge, and the outermost layer

What is the subarachnoid space?

Located in the arachnoid meninges, made up of web-like structures that hold cerebrospinal fluid

The pia mater…

The innermost meninge, tightly suctioned against the brain to keep it together

What are the parts of the brainstem?

The medulla oblongata, the pons & the midbrain

What is the function of the pons?

Linking the cerebellum & the brainstem

What is the function of the midbrain?

To regulate auditory stimuli & reflexes

What are the structures of the diencephalon?

The epithalamus, the thalamus & the hypothalamus

What is the job of the epithalamus?

To secrete melatonin through the pineal gland

What is the job of the thalamus?

The relay center of the brain, its job is to send stimuli to the correct centers of the brain to be processed, then gathering and sending out the responses

What are the four lobes that compose the cerebrum?

The frontal, temporal, parietal & occipital lobe

What is the function of the frontal lobe?

Sending out signals for movement, mostly voluntary

What is the function of the temporal lobe?

Interprets audio and olfactory signals

What is the function of the parietal lobe?

To process the sensor information that you are consciously aware of

Where is the parietal lobe located?

On the postcentral gyrus

CN I…

The olfactory nerve, sensory; smell

CN II…

The optic nerve, sensory; vision

CN III…

The oculomotor nerve, motor; pupil response

CN IV…

The trochlear nerve, motor; eye movement downward & inward

CN V…

The trigeminal nerve, both; chewing

CN VI…

The abducens nerve, motor; lateral eye movement

CN VII…

The facial nerve, both; facial expressions

CN VIII…

The vestibulocochlear, sensory; hearing

CN IX…

The glossopharyngeal nerve, both; swallowing & gag reflex

CN X…

The vagus nerve, both; parasympathetic nervous system

CN XI…

The accessory nerve, motor; shoulder shrug & head turn

CN XII…

The hypoglossal nerve, motor; stick out the tongue

What qualifies as a general sense?

Temperature, touch, pressure, pain & vibration

What is referred pain?

Sensing pain in other areas that are not the source of where the pain is coming from; heart attack victims feeling pain in their limbs/stomach

What is ALS?

A progressive disease which stops muscle function

What is cerebral palsy?

A disorder in which the affected suffer with voluntary muscle issues

Which neurotransmitter is released by all preganglionic fibers of the autonomic nervous system?

Acetylcholine

Which of the following is not a visceral effector?

Skeletal muscle

… receptors are found in many places, including the major branches of the aortic arch. They detect changes in pH.

Chemoreceptors

Which cranial nerve provides roughly 75% of all parasympathetic outflow?

CN X; vagus nerve

Which of the following is NOT an effect of the parasympathetic nervous system?

reduced digestive and urinary functions

Dual innervation refers to situations in which vital organs…

Receive information from both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers

Which is TRUE regarding muscarinic receptors?

They are associated with cholinergic junctions

Which receptors would you block to decrease heart rate?

Beta receptors

The autonomic nervous system directs…

Unconscious processes that maintain homeostasis

The division of the autonomic nervous system that prepares the body for activity and stress is the…

Sympathetic division

What are the structures of the sympathetic nervous system?

Splanchnic nerves; cardiopulmonary, abdominopelvic & pelvic

What are the structures of the parasympathetic nervous system?

The cardiac, celiac, inferior mesenteric, and hypogastric plexus

What is the function of the sympathetic nervous system?

It is the excitation system, triggering the ‘flight/fight/fawn’ response, releasing NE & E to increase your metabolism, heart rate and blood pressure. During this, digestion and urinary function decreases

What is the function of the parasympathetic nervous system?

This is the resting system, when your body is at rest, digestion and urinary function increase while your metabolic rate, heart rate & blood pressure decrease

What neurotransmitters do the ganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system release?

NE & E - Norepinephrine & epinephrine

Which kind of receptors does the sympathetic nervous system contain?

Adrenergic receptors (Alpha & Beta)

Which kind of receptors does the parasympathetic nervous system contain?

Cholinergic receptors (Nicotinic & Muscarinic)

Autonomic reflexes…

Receptors that respond to effectors (baroreceptors = blood pressure + chemoreceptors = pH)

A blind spot occurs in the retina where…

Axons of ganglion cells converge at the optic nerve forming the optic disc

What is a characteristic of the middle layer of the eye?

Vascular

Which of the following is NOT an accessory structure of the eye?

Aqueous humor

Which of the following statements accurately identifies disorders of the special senses?

Hearing: conductive and sensorineural hearing loss

What portion of the ear can sense gravity, acceleration, rotation, and sound?

Internal ear

Which visceral reflex would have the response of constriction of pupils of both eyes?

Direct light and consensual light reflexes

Which of the following best compares olfaction and gustation?

Olfaction and gustation are special senses. Olfaction is smelling and gustation is taste

Which cranial nerve does NOT carry gustatory information?

Hypoglossal

For you to be able to hear a sound, your tympanic membrane must … with the sound waves

Vibrate

What portion of the brain perceives visual images?

The visual cortex of the occipital lobe

List the steps of the olfactory pathway

Receptor → Cribriform plate → Olfactory bulb → Olfactory tract → Olfactory cortex

List the steps of the gustation pathway

Tongue -→ Taste buds → Gustatory cells → Cranial nerves (VII, IX, X) -→ Gustatory cortex

What are the accessory structures of the eye?

Eyelid, eyelashes, conjunctiva, lacrimal gland & sac

What is the conjunctiva?

The very thin skin that surrounds your open eye

Where does the lacrimal sac drain your tears into?

The back of the throat

What are the layers of the eye?

The fibrous, vascular, an inner layer

The fibrous layer of the eye is composed of the…

Sclera & cornea — the white of your eye and the dome shaped structure that reflects light respectively

What are the blood vessels of the eye called?

Choroid

What is the inner layer of the eye made of?

Made of the retina, where photoreceptors live

What is the path that light goes through when traveling through the eye?

Cornea → Pupil → Lens → Fovea centralis

What is the iris’s role in the vision process?

The muscles of the iris is what changes the shape of your pupil based on how much light is coming in

What is the lens of your eye referring to?

The clear, round structure that helps your eye focus on things

What is the ciliary body?

The accessory structure that changes the shape of the lens to flat when you are looking at something far and dome-like when looking close up

Presbyopia

The decline of your lens’s ability to change shape with age

Fovea centralis

Central focus; where your eye has the clearest image possible

What are the two types of photoreceptors in the retina?

Rods and cones, with cones having color vision while rods do not

Hyperopia is…

Farsighted

Myopia is…

Nearsighted

What are the eternal structures of the ear?

Auricle/pinna, external acoustic meatus & tympanic membrane

What is the function of the auricle/pinna?

Funnels sound into the ear

The external acoustic meatus…

The canal that sound waves flow into, where earwax develops

The tympanic membrane

Eardrum

What are the accessory structures of the inner ear?

The auditory ossicles & the Eustachian tube

What are the names of the three tiny bones that make up the auditory ossicles?

Malleus, incus, stapes

What accessory structures make up the inner ear?

Semicircular canals, vestibule, cochlea, organ of Corti

What is the organ of Corti?

The organ that sends the sound signal to the brain for interpretation

Describe how sound travels through the ear

Outer ear captures & funnels sound → Middle ear vibrates the cell -→ Internal ear senses the sound and sends it to the brain via CN VIII