Biodental Sciences: Chapter 7

physiology: definition

• study of how living things function

• continues beyond the study of anatomy into how parts work, what they do and why

how many systems does the human body have?

• 10

• each has specific organs within it

• and each performs specific functions

• in a healthy human- all 10 are functioning

the ten body systems: listed

• skeletal system

• muscular system

• cardiovascular system- lymphatic system and immune system

• nervous system

• respiratory system

• digestive system

• urinary system

• integumentary system

• endocrine system

• reproductive system

how many bones in the human body:

• 206

skeletal system: divided into 2 parts

• axial

• appendicular skeletal system

the axial skeleton: consists of

• skull

• spinal column

• ribs

• sternum

the axial skeleton: function

• protect major organs of the nervous, respiratory, and circulatory systems

• skull- most important to assistants

the appendicular skeleton: consists of

• upper extremities

• shoulder gridle

• plus lower extremities

• pelvic girdle

the appendicular skeleton: function

• protects the organs of digestion and reproduction

bones: organic component

• cells & matrix

bones: inorganic component

• mineral

structure of bone:

• hard connective tissue that makes up the most of the human skeleton

• consists of inorganic & organic components

structure of bone: minerals

• minerals (calcium & phosphate) give its rigidity

• stored in bone- act as a mineral reservoir to maintain essential blood mineral concentrations in time of inadequate supply in the body

the periosteum: is

• specialized connective tissue covering all bones of the body

• responsible for the life of the bone and can repair

• outer layer

• inner layer

the periosteum: outer layer

• network of dense connective tissue containing blood vessels

the periosteum: inner layer

• loose connective tissue containing osterblasts

2 types of bone tissue:

• compact bone

• cancellous bone

compact bone:

• “cortical bone”

• hard, dense, very strong

• forms outer layer of bone

• needed for strength

cancellous bone:

• “spongy bone”

• lighter in weight

• not as strong as compact bone

• found interior of bones

trabeculae: are

• bony spicules in cancellous bone

• form a mesh of intercommunicating spaces filled w bone marrow

trabeculae: look like

• weblike structure on radiographs

2 types of bone marrow: in cancellous bones

• red marrow

• yellow marrow

red marrow:

• filled w blood vessels

• makes red & white blood cells and platelets

yellow marrow:

• containing mainly fat cells

• found primarily in shafts of long bones

cartilage:

• tough yet more elastic than bone

• found- where bones join together

• tough, nonvascular connective tissue

• gives form to: nose and ears

joints:

• or articulations

• areas where 2 bones come together

• 3 basic types

3 types of joints: list

• fibrous joints

• cartilaginous joints

• synovial joints

fibrous joints:

• such as the structures of the skull, do not move

cartilaginous joints:

• made of connective tissue and cartilage

• move only very slightly

synovial joints:

• movable joints

• most joints in the body

muscular systems: functions

• provide body movements & posture

• produces body heat

• moves food along digestive tract

• keeps heart beating

types of muscles: list

• striated

• skeletal

• smooth

straited muscles:

• knowns as skeletal or voluntary

• named bc- dark & light bands in the muscle fibers yield a striped, or straited, appearance

skeletal muscle:

• attached to the bones of the skeleton

• makes bodily motion possible

smooth muscle:

• moves internal organs (digestive tract, blood vessels, secretion ducts leading from glands)

how muscles work:

• contraction

• relaxation

• muscles are arranged in opposing pairs so when one contracts, the other relaxes

• these contracting actions- make motion possible

contraction:

• tightening of a muscle

• becomes shorter and thicker

relaxation:

• when a muscle returns to its original form/shape

muscle origin:

• place where muscle begins (originates)

• more fixed attachment, or the end of the muscle that is closer to the midline of the body

muscle insertion:

• place where the muscle ends (inserts)

• more movable end, or portion of the muscle that is farther from the midline of the body

the cardiovascular system: consists of

• circulatory system

• heart

• lymphatic system

the cardiovascular system: function

• provide life sustaining capabilities for survival of body cells and tissues

circulatory system: 2 primary functions

• transporting oxygen & nutrients to the cells

  • and transporting carbon dioxide and waste products from the cells, as well as transporting hormones & antibodies throughout the body

  • regulate body temps and chemical stability

the heart: pumps

• each day pumps- 4000 gallons of blood

• speed- of 40 mph

• through- 70,000 miles of vessels

the heart:

• a hallow muscle w 4 chambers

• sized varies but generally the same as a closed fist

chambers of the heart:

• heart functions- as a double pump

• each side is subdivided into an upper and lower chamber

the heart: right side pumps blood to

• the lungs

the heart: the left side sends blood to

• the rest of the body

the heart: atria

• upper chambers

• receive blood

the heart: chambers

• lower chambers

• pump blood

arteries:

• large blood vessels

• that carry blood away from the heart to all regions of the body

capillaries:

• are a system of microscopic vessels

• that connect the arterial and venous system

veins:

• form a low pressure collecting system to return the waste-filled blood to the heart

plasma:

• straw colored fluid that transports nutrients, hormones, and waste products

• 91% water

red blood cells:

• contain the blood protein hemoglobin

• plays an essential role in oxygen transport

white blood cells:

• “leukocytes”

• have the primary function of fighting disease in the body

immune system: function

• protects and defends the body from foreign invaders

lymphatic system: function

• a network of vessels that drain and filters the tissue fluid that surrounds cells

lymphatic system: parts

• lymph vessels

• lymph nodes

• lymph fluid

• lymphoid organs

lymph nodes:

• cervical nodes (neck)

• axillary nodes (arms)

• lnguinal nodes (lower abdomen)

lymphoid organs:

• spleen

• tonsils

nervous systems: functions

• transmits stimuli from outside and inside body

• serves as body’s communication system

• maintains the body’s unity and harmony through response and transmitting

nervous system:

• central nervous system (CNS)

• peripheral nervous system (PNS)

central nervous system: the brain

• primary center for the regulation and coordination of the body’s activities, and each part of the brain controls different aspects of body function

central nervous system: spinal cord

• carries all the nerves that affect the limbs and lower part of the body and is the pathway for impulses going to and from the brain

peripheral nervous system:

• autonomic nervous system

• somatic nervous system

peripheral nervous system: autonomic

• controls unconscious activities such as:

• breathing

• heart rate

• body temp

• blood pressure

• pupil size

peripheral nervous system: somatic

• controls conscious activities

parts of respiratory system:

• nose

• pharynx

• larynx

• trachea

• bronchi

• lungs

respiratory system: functions

• supplying body w oxygen

• exhaling waste product carbon dioxide

digestive system: role

• provide the body w the nutrients, water, electrolytes necessary for life

• functions under involuntary control

digestive system: ingestion

• occurs when food is taken into the mouth

digestive system: digestion

• begins in the mouth as food is masticated w saliva and then swallowed

digestive system: movement

• the chewed food is subjected to peristalsis

• the rhythmic wavelike contractions that move the food through the digestive tract

digestive system: absorption

• nutritional elements in the gastrointestinal tract pass through the lining of the gastrointestinal tract and into bloodstream

digestive system: elimination

• in large intestine

• the solid byproducts of digestion are eliminated from the body in feces

endocrine system: ductless glands & tissues

• help regulate the body’s activities

endocrine system: glands

• secrete hormones directly into the blood

• these hormones affect metabolism, growth, development

endocrine system: hormones

• secreted directly into the bloodstream, not through a duct

endocrine glands: list

• thyroid gland

• parathyroid gland

• ovaries

• testes

• pituitary glands

• pancreas

• adrenal medulla

endocrine & reproductive systems: diseases & conditions

• diabetes mellitus

• pregnancy

• hypothyroidism

• hyperthyroidism

urinary system:

• “excretory system”

• maintain fluid volume and composition of the body fluids

• waste products leave the body in the form of urine, and the needed substances are returned to the blood

urinary system: kidneys

• site of formation of urine

• carries waste materials away from the blood

urinary system: ureters

• transport the urine from the kidney

urinary system: bladder

• stores urine until it can be disposed of

urinary system: urethra

• conduit through which the bladder is emptied during the process of urination

integumentary/ skin system:

• the skin is the body’s first line of defense against disease

integumentary/ skin system: functions

• helps regulate body temp

• provides a barrier that prevents bacteria from entering the body

• excretes liquids and salts

• provides sensitivity to touch

• uses ultraviolet rays from the sun to convert chemicals into vitamin D necessary for absorption of calcium

reproductive system: includes

• female and male reproductive organs