History 5 midterm 2: ID's

1. Battle of the Somme

A major World War I battle in 1916 where millions of soldiers were killed or wounded.

2. Berlin Conference (1884-85)

A meeting where European countries divided up Africa to claim land and resources.

3. Otto von Bismarck

The Prussian leader who united Germany into one country in 1871.

4. Bolshevism

A revolutionary movement led by Lenin that wanted to create a communist government in Russia.

5. Le Bon Marché (Paris)

One of the first modern department stores that changed how people shopped.

6. Napoleon Bonaparte

A French military leader who became emperor and conquered much of Europe.

7. The Communist Manifesto (1848)

A book by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels that called for workers to overthrow capitalism.

8. The Congo Free State (King Leopold's Congo)

An African territory controlled by King Leopold II

9. Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen

A document from the French Revolution that supported freedom and equal rights for men.

10. The Declaration of the Rights of Women (1791)

A document by Olympe de Gouges demanding equal rights for women.

11. Les Demoiselles d'Avignon (1907)

A famous Picasso painting that helped introduce Cubism.

12. Alfred Dreyfus

A Jewish French army officer falsely accused of spying

13. The Encyclopédie

A collection of books that shared knowledge and Enlightenment ideas.

14. An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1689)

A book by John Locke arguing that people gain knowledge through experience.

15. Frederick the Great of Prussia

A Prussian king who strengthened his country and supported Enlightenment ideas.

16. Friedrich Engels

A German thinker who worked with Karl Marx to develop communist ideas.

17. The Fable of the Bees (1714)

A book arguing that people's selfish actions can sometimes benefit society.

18. The Factory System

A way of producing goods in large factories using machines and workers.

19. The Fall of the Bastille

The 1789 attack on a French prison that became a symbol of the French Revolution.

20. Archduke Franz Ferdinand

The Austrian heir whose assassination in 1914 helped start World War I.

21. Giuseppe Garibaldi

An Italian leader who helped unite Italy.

22. The Interpretation of Dreams (1899)

A book by Sigmund Freud explaining how dreams reveal unconscious thoughts.

23. Vladimir Lenin

The leader of the Bolsheviks who helped create the communist government in Russia.

24. Friedrich Nietzsche

A German philosopher who questioned traditional religion

25. The Origin of Species (1859)

A book by Charles Darwin explaining evolution through natural selection.

26. The Paris Commune

A short-lived revolutionary government created by workers in Paris in 1871.

27. Peter the Great of Russia

A Russian ruler who modernized Russia using Western European ideas and technology.

28. Principia Mathematica (1687)

A book by Isaac Newton explaining the laws of motion and gravity.

29. The Putting-Out System

A system where merchants gave materials to workers to make products at home.

30. The Raft of the Medusa (1819)

A famous painting showing shipwreck survivors and criticizing government failures.

31. Il Risorgimento

The movement to unite Italy into one country.

32. Revolutions of 1848

European uprisings where people demanded more freedom and political change.

33. Maximilien Robespierre

A French Revolution leader who helped lead the Reign of Terror.

34. Romanticism

An artistic movement focused on emotions

35. "Shell Shock"

A term used during World War I to describe psychological trauma caused by war.

36. The Spiritual Regulation of Peter the Great

A law that placed the Russian Orthodox Church under government control.

37. Leon Trotsky

A Bolshevik leader who helped lead the Russian Revolution and organize the Red Army.

38. The Palace of Versailles

A huge French palace built by Louis XIV to show his wealth and power.

39. The Watt Steam Engine

An improved steam engine that helped power factories and the Industrial Revolution.