AP Bio: Chapters 1, 2, & 3 Study Guide

basis of biological organization

Atom, molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere

7 properties of life

Order, Metabolism, Homeostasis, Growth & Development, Reproduction, Response to Stimuli, Evolution

Kingdoms

Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia (based on observable and physiological traits)

Domains

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya (based on genes)

A molecule's biological function is related to its

shape & structure

percent elements are considered essential to life

20%-25%

elements that make up approx. 96% of living matter

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen

isotope

same element, same protons, different neutrons (C12, C14)

chemical behavior of an atom depends on…

outer valence shell

why doesn’t isotopes change the element?

depends on the number of valence electrons

For an electron to jump from a lower-energy shell to a higher-energy shell, it must

absorb energy (from heat, collision, or photon)

For an electron to jump from a higher-energy shell to a lower-energy shell, it must

release energy (into photon)

four most abundant elements in nature and the number of bonds that each forms

Carbon (4), Hydrogen (1), Oxygen (2), Nitrogen (3)

polar covalent bond

Unequal sharing of electrons (creates partial charges)

electronegative and needed for life

oxygen

hydrogen bond

weak bond between a partially positive hydrogen and partially negative atom (anything electronegative like oxygen)

radioactive isotope

nucleus decays while giving off energy

Reactions cannot create or destroy matter but can only

transform it

two factors that influence the rate of a chemical reaction

temperature & concentration

six basic compounds or elements

H20, CO2, N2, CH4, NH3, H3, CO (all CHON)

Why is a water molecule polar

Oxygen is more electronegative, so it pulls the electrons closer, giving oxygen a partial negative charge and hydrogen a partial positive charge.

4 properties of water

Cohesion & Adhesion, high specific heat, Solvent ability, Ice is less dense than water

Adhesion

attraction between water and something else polar

cohesion

attraction of water to water

Why would water have a greater surface tension than most other liquids?

Because of hydrogen bonds

specific heat

amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1g of a substance by 1 degree Celsius

why water has a high specific heat

Hydrogen bonds require a lot of energy to break

vaporization

changing from liquid to gas

trace elements

required by an organism in minute quantities

as you go down the pH scale…

hydrogen (H+) increases, hydroxide (OH-) decreases

as you go down the pH scale…

hydrogen (H+) decreases, hydroxide (OH-) increases

what comes out when bonds are broken

energy

why does water have good surface tension?

its hydrogen bonds stick together

2 examples of evaporative cooling

sweating and transpiration

why is ice less dense than water

hydrogen bonds are spaced out and they form crystalline like structures

solvent

what does the dissolving

solute

what is being dissolved

substances that dissolve in water do so because

polar or ionic and can form interactions with water molecules

Pure water has pH of 7 because

same amount of H+ and OH-

human blood pH

7.35 and 7.45

buffer

brings pH back to homeostasis

covalent bond

equal sharing of a pair of electrons