Philosphy exam 2

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What do people believe about morality ? ( Class Fundamentals)

What is Conventional Morality

What do is true about morality

What is critical morality

When asked about Conventional morality we ask this question

what is Social Sciences

When asking about critical morality we ask this

what is Employeeing the methods of philosphy

What is moral philosophy about

Morality Concerns practical Resoning

What is practical reasoning

We reason from our situation to an action or a choice

What moral theories appeal to

• What is good,

• what is evil

• What is virtuous

• What is vicious

• what is praiseworthy

• What is blameworthy

What is a theory of Right actions

Say that it is a statement of necessary and Sufficient conditions for the rightness of actions

What is necessary Conditions

Necessary conditions are for Q is to say if Q is true P is True

What is Sufficient Condition

Sufficient conditions are P is a Sufficient condition for Q is to say that P is true then Q is true

What does it mean By OUGHT

Ought to do something is to say that it would be wrong not do it

What is An argument

Series of statements, the last of which, the conclusion is to follow from the others.

What does it mean an argument is to be logically valid

Because of logical form of that argument, it is impossible for the premises of the argument to be true and the conclusion to be false.

What does it mean when an argument is sound?

it is to say that it is logically Valid, and has only true premises

Morality is what

Morality Is subjective

What is cultural Relativism

An action is right IF AND ONLY IF the relevant society approves of it

When is Cultural Approval Necessary

If an action is morally right, then Society Approves of it

When is Cultural Approval sufficient

If society approves of an action, then it is right.

What is Subjective truth

The attitudes that a person or a group of people hold towards p

What is objective Truth

Is true Regardless of the attitudes that any person or group holds towards p

What does Utilitarians Believe?

We should act to make things go best for everyone involved

What is Consequentialism

An act is morally right IF AND ONLY IF it brings about the best available outcome

What is Hedonism

The value of an outcome is the total amount of pleasure minus pain that it contains for everyone

What it is the formal definition of Utilitarianism

An act is morally right IF AND ONLY if it maximizes Hedonic Utility

What are the four Concepts of formulating Utilitarianism

Alternatives, Outcomes, Hedonic Utility and Maximization

What does it mean by alternative

To say that a particular action A is an alternative to another B for a person S is to say that A is action that could be performed by S at the same time as B instead of B

What does it mean by outcome

The outcome of an alternative is everything that would happen, were the alterantive performed

What does it mean by alternative via hedonic Utility

is the total amount of pleasure minus pain in the outcome of that alternative

What does it mean when it maximizes hedonic Utility

that there is no alternative to A that has a higher hedonic utility than A does

What are the five ( alleged ) benefits of utilitarianism

Impartiality, ability to justify conventional morality, conflict resolution, scope of the moral community, and moral flexibility

What is God

God is the perfect being who created the universe

What is divine command theory

Act is right IF AND ONLY IF it is consistent with Gods Commands

utilitarians will response to what

Utilitarian will reject the relevant connection between rightness and wrongness and praiseworthy and blameworthiness

What does their theory ( utilitarianism) allow

Allows that we can do the right thing for the wrong reason and vice versa.

utilitarians may remind us of what

That calculating utilities it self is an action

What is a counterexample

Counterexample to a conditional is a situation where the antecedent is true and the consequent is false

What is decision procedure

A set of instructions leading to perform a action