AGSM 105 EXAM 2 - Kingman

Exam 2

Irrigation

Controlled application of water for agricultural purposes through manmade systems to provide water requirements not satisfied by rainfall

Rainwater Harvesting

Capture, Diversion, and storage of rainwater for use in landscaping, rangeland, and other purposes

Saline water

Contains a significant amount of dissolved salts

Concentration

the amount (by weight) of salt in water → parts per million (ppm)

Distilled water

water that has been boiled to become steam then cooled to become water again

Brine water

Extracted salts, minerals, and a percentage of source water that’s produced during desalination. Has a much higher concentration than salt water, making it hard to dispose of.

Structured Water Rate

Typical rates that apply to residential customers and/or business customers

Fixed or Flat Rate

Monthly charge for water is the same regardless of consumption

• Doesn’t require a water meter to measure water

Uniform Rate

Rate that stays the same for each unit of consumption (ex: $3 per 1000 gallon)

• Uses water meter to measure consumption

Drought Demand Rate

Rate that increases during shortage events to reflect scarcity value

Excess Use Rate

Adds additional price for above a certain level of consumption

Surcharge

separate charge added to existing rate structures to recover revenues for a specific purpose (ex: drought, seasonal)

• May be considered the same as an excess use rate or seasonal block rate

Block Rate (Increasing)

Rate that increases as water consumption increases

Block Rate (Decreasing)

Decreases as water consumption increases

Rate structure

the elements that make up the total amount paid for water and wastewater services

• has a fixed fee and volume charge

Fixed Fee

Flat fee based on size of water meter

Volume charge

rate paid per 1000 gallons water used

Tiered Water Rates

Specific rates designed or intended to address low-income households or residents experiencing financial crisis that might affect the availability of drinking water

WASH

Water Sanitations And Hygiene

Cash Crops

crops that are grown to sell rather than for personal use or consumption by the producer

Food Crops

crops cultivated primarily for farmer’s consumption or the feeding of livestock

What are the chemicals used to chemically treat water?

Iodine and Chlorine

What are some characteristics of Chlorine?

• Has a smell, not necessarily a taste.

• Used Nationally to disinfect water because it’s cheap

• Keeps the level of disinfection stable in pipes even when water is stagnant

Rain Water Harvesting Formula

Harvested Water (gal) = catchment area rainfall depth * 0.623 conversion factor

Whats ppm?

Parts per million

If water has a concentration of ___ ppm of dissolved salts, then ___ percent of the weight comes from dissolved salts

10,000 and 1

True or False? Desalination is high cost.

True

How much of Perth’s freshwater comes from the sea?

45%

How much of Perth’s freshwater comes from ground water?

40%

What are some limitations of Desalination?

• Brine Water

• Environment impacts due to its energy intensiveness and threat to marine life

  • 70 billion larvae fish killed in California

• 2-4 times more expensive than other water sources

• Inefficient ( 2 gallons ocean water for 1 gallon fresh water

How is Brine Water disposed of?

In the ocean. Often mixed with other water sources to reduce salinity and/or discharged through diffusers

Diffusers

stimulates brine mixing with ocean water. Used to disperse brine at several different discharge points from desalination facilities

Water Salinity Levels

• Freshwater - Less than 1,000 ppm

• Slightly saline water - From 1,000 ppm to 3,000 ppm

• Moderately saline water - From 3,000 ppm to 10,000 ppm

• Highly saline water - From 10,000 ppm to 35,000 ppm

• Ocean water contains about 35,000 ppm of salt

Fresh Water

Less than 1,000 ppm

Slightly saline water

From 1,000 ppm to 3,000 ppm

Moderately saline water

From 3,000 ppm to 10,000 ppm

Highly saline water

From 10,000 ppm to 35,000 ppm

Ocean water

contains about 35,000 ppm of salt

Dead Sea

280,000 ppm, 8 times saltier than sea water

Water resources required to irrigate

• Water

• Pump (pressure and flow)

• Piping 

• Emitter

Flood Irrigation (Acre Feet)

irrigation method where water is released to flow and spread over the soil surface of a field without using pressurized pipes or mechanical pumps

• high water loss and flow rates

• low pressure

• most common

• measured in AC-FT

Sprinkler irrigation (Gallons per Minutes)

watering crops, lawns, and landscapes by spraying pressurized water through a network of pipes and nozzles so that it falls to the ground like natural rainfall

• high pressure, high medium flow rates

• moderate water use and losses

• measured in GPM

Drip Irrigation (Gallons per Hour)

low-pressure, micro-irrigation method that delivers water and nutrients slowly and directly to a plant's root zone

• highest efficiency

• low pressure and low flow rate

• filtration required

Sources of Lead in Drinking Water

• Lead service line

• Copper pipe with lead solder

• Faucets/Fixtures

• Surface of Galvanized pipe

• Lead Goose Necks

TTHM

disinfection byproducts that occur when chlorine interacts with organic matter in the water

Why was Flint found in violation of Safe Drinking Water

the level of total trihalomethanes was too high

What’s the demographic of Flint Michigan?

• 54.1% Black

• 39.1% White

• 51.9% Female

• 56.9% of homes are owner occupied

• 38.8% of people are in poverty

• Average House Value: $29,500

• Average Income per household: $28,834

How long is the flint river?

78.3 miles long, flows through 3 counties

Why did the Flint water Crisis happen?

• Cost of water for Flint became really high because they got it sourced from Detroit

• Changed to get water from Flint River in an attempt to save money

• Officials failed to apply corrosion inhibitors to the water, which resulted in lead from aging pipes leaching into the water supply

• This exposed around 100,00 residents to elevated lead levels

• Switched back to Detroit water system on October 16, 2015

• Residents pipes never restabilized 

Is lead somethings that’s surveilled in healthcare?

NO

• Children don’t get mandatory testing unless you’re on Medicaid because they’re considered high risk

• Many states and communities lack robust systems for tracking lead testing

Ozonation in Water Treatment: Advantages

• Effective over a wide pH range and rapidly reacts with bacteria, viruses, and protozoans and has stronger germicidal properties than chlorination. It has very strong oxidizing power with a short reaction time.

• Treatment process doesn’t add chemicals to water

• Can eliminate a wide variety of inorganic, organic, and microbiological problems (+ taste and odor)

Ozonation in Water Treatment: Disadvantages

• higher equipment and operational costs

• no germicidal or disinfection residual to inhbit/prohibit bacteria regrowth

• produces by-products that could be carcinogenic

• may require pretreatment for hardness reduction

• less soluble in water, requires special mixing techniques

• potential fire hazard and toxicity issues

What are the river/surface water treatment for drinking steps

1. Remove solid particles (reduce turbidity)

2. Disinfect water with heat or chemicals

   1. Heat: Boil water

   2. Chemicals: Iodine or Chlorine 

Tanzania Cash Crops

cotton, tea, tobacco, spices

Tanzania Food Crops

fruits, vegetables, sweet corn, cassava, sweet potatoes

What are the germs on your hands

• Hepatitis A

• Shigella

• Streptococci

• Staphylococcus

• Hemiohilus

What does the Mafi Safi Group Provide

• holistic community empowerment,

• quality employment for women, and

• a sustainable model for lasting change

Tanzania Demographic

• Population 59, 678, 000

• Urban Population: 33.8%

• Rural Population: 66.2%

• Agriculture is 29.1% of the country’s GDP and ¾ of the productive workforce

8 steps to Proper Hand Washing

1. Palm to palm

2. Between fingers

3. Back of hands

4. Base of thumbs

5. Back of fingers

6. Fingernails

7. Wrists

8. Rinse and air dry

How many private water wells are in Texas?

over 1 million

What information is logged on well logs

• Location Coordinates (GPS)

• Well number

• Testing Data

• Geological Info

• Depth

• Flowrate in GPM

• Construction and Driller Information

Wells should be 100 feet from…

a septic drain field or leach fields

Wells should be 50 feet from…

• septic tanks

• cisterns

• property boundaries

• non-potable wells

Wells should be 150 feet from…

• Pet shelters

• livestock yards

• Feed Storage facilities

• Pesticide and Fertilizer storage

Why do we do Water Screenings?

To look for:

• Arsenic

• Bacteria

• E coli

• Nitrates

• Dissolved solids

• Indicator Organisms

What is TDS (Total Dissolved Solids)?

Level of dissolved minerals including salts

• 500mg+ tastes salty

What can Poor Well construction do?

• affect drinking water quality

• contribute to ground water pollution

Indicator Organisms

Organisms that indicated the presence of pathogenic bacteria, viruses, or parasites.

• most common: e-coli, fecal coliform, total coliforms, and enterococci

• Generally harmless and nonpathogen

Nuisance Contaminates in well water

When should wells be plugged or capped?

Plugged: hasn’t been used in six months and/or in bad condition

Capped: Well isn’t in use but is in good condition

What’s an abandonned well?

• well that’s been unused for 6 months

• non deteriorated well w/ casing pump or has been capped

Who can Plug wells?

• Licensed well drillers or pump installers

• Landowner if well has less than 100 feet of standing water

Nuisance Contaminates

non-harmful contaminates that affect water quality

Common Nuisance Contaminates

• Hydrogen sulfide: rotten egg smell

• Iron Oxide: Causes rusty color of white porcelain sinks or toilets

BCS drinking water salt contnet

550 ppm