hormones

for both lecture and lab

Thyroid Stimulating Hormones (TSH):where is this hormones synthesized? what does it do? what stimulates its secretion?

1. anterior pituitary

2. stimulated by low T3 and T4 through hypothalamus

3. stimulates thyroid to release T3 and T4

   1. also causes thyroid gland to grow

Adrenocorticotropic (ACTH) :where is this hormones synthesized? what does it do? what stimulates its secretion?

1. anterior pituitary

2. stimulates adrenal cortex to increases cortisol

   1. acts primarily on zona fasciculata

3. stimulated by low cortisol levels via hypothalamus

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) :where is this hormones synthesized? what does it do? what stimulates its secretion?

1. anterior pituitary

2. in females it aids in egg production; in males it aids in sperm production

3. stimulated by low estrogen or testosterone detected by hypothalamus

Luteinizing Hormone (LH) :where is this hormones synthesized? what does it do? what stimulates its secretion?

1. anterior pituitary

2. in females it causes ovulation, in males it causes production of testosterone

3. stimulated by low estrogen or testosterone detected by hypothalamus, high estrogen causes ovulation

Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH) :where is this hormones synthesized? what does it do? what stimulates its secretion?

1. anterior pituitary

2. increases skin pigmentation

3. stimulated by hypothalamus

Human Growth Hormone (HGH) :where is this hormones synthesized? what does it do? what stimulates its secretion?

1. anterior pituitary

2. allows for growth (especially bone), increases glucose, increases protein synthesis, lipolysis

   1. can require somatomedins (insulin-like growth factors) from liver for bone

3. stimulated by hypothalamus

what are diseases. that can be caused by abnormal Human Growth Hormone (HGH)

• high levels: gigantism, acromegaly (adults)

• low: dwarfism

Prolactin (PRL) :where is this hormones synthesized? what does it do? what stimulates its secretion?

1. anterior pituitary

2. maintains milk secretion

   1. in males it can increases testosterone

3. stimulated by hypothalamus

Oxytocin (OT) :where is this hormones synthesized? what does it do? what stimulates its secretion?

1. hypothalamus

2. causes uterine contractions, “let-down” reflex

   1. also has a role in sexual intercourse (contraction of ductus deferens)

3. stimulated by cervix dilation, sucking of nipples via hypothalamus

Antidiuretic (ADH) :where is this hormones synthesized? what does it do? what stimulates its secretion?

1. hypothalamus

2. makes DCT/CD permeable to H2O

3. stimulated by high osmolarity via hypothalamus

what disease is characterized by low ADH production?

diabetes insipidus

Releasing and Inhibiting hormones :where is this hormones synthesized? what does it do? what stimulates its secretion?

1. hypothalamus

2. increases or decreases secretion of anterior pituitary hormones

3. stimulated a negative feedback mechanism

Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3) :where is this hormones synthesized? what does it do? what stimulates its secretion?

1. thyroid

2. increases metabolism, increases heart rate, growth and nervous development

3. stimulated by high TSH from anterior pituitary

what diseases are categorized by abnormal T3 and T4

• high: hyperthyroidism and Grave’s disease

• low: hypothyroidism, and cretinism

Calcitonin :where is this hormones synthesized? what does it do? what stimulates its secretion?

1. thyroid

2. decreases blood calcium, puts Ca²⁺⁺ into bone, inhibits osteoclasts

3. stimulated by high blood calcium

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) :where is this hormones synthesized? what does it do? what stimulates its secretion?

1. parathyroid

2. increases Ca²⁺⁺ in blood, increases osteoclast activity, increases Mg²⁺⁺ and decreases PO₄^3-

3. stimulated by low calcium in blood

what diseases are caused by abnormal levels of parathyroid hormone?

• high: hyperparathyroidism

• low: hypoparathyroidism

Aldosterone (mineralocorticoids) :where is this hormones synthesized? what does it do? what stimulates its secretion?

1. adrenal cortex; zone glomerulosa

2. increases Na+ in blood and decreases K+ in blood

3. stimulated by low Na+, high K+, and high angiotensin 2

Cortisol (glucocorticoids) :where is this hormones synthesized? what does it do? what stimulates its secretion?

1. adrenal cortex, zona fasciulata

2. increases glucose, increases lipolysis, increases protein catabolism, anti-inflammatory

3. stimulated by high ACTH

what disease is categorized by abnormal Cortisol (glucocorticoids)

• high: Cushing’s syndrome

• low: Addison’s disease

androgens (gonadocorticoids) :where is this hormones synthesized? what does it do?

1. adrenal cortex, zona reticularis

2. deals with male hair pattern, converts to estrogen in females, can be significant if made excess by tumors

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine :where is this hormones synthesized? what does it do? what stimulates its secretion?

1. adrenal medulla

2. fight or flight response, increases glucose, increases BP, bronchiole dilation

   1. tumors of the adrenal gland leads to dangerously high levels of these hormones

3. stimulated by sympathetic nervous system (hypothalamus)

Glucagon :where is this hormones synthesized? what does it do? what stimulates its secretion?

1. pancreas, alpha cells

2. increases glucose, glycogenolysis

3. stimulated by low blood glucose

Insulin :where is this hormones synthesized? what does it do? what stimulates its secretion?

1. pancreas, beta cells

2. lowers blood glucose, glycogenesis, lipogenesis, protein synthesis

3. stimulated by high blood glucose

what disease is categorized by low insulin?

• diabetes mellitus

• type 1 juvenile and type 2 adult

Estrogen :where is this hormones synthesized? what does it do? what stimulates its secretion?

1. growing follicles and corpus lutetum

2. female sex characteristics, protein synthesis, growth of endometrium

   1. highest during the first 14 days of menstrual cycle

3. stimulated by high FSH

Progesterone :where is this hormones synthesized? what does it do? what stimulates its secretion?

1. corpus luteum

2. growth, secretion, maintenance of endometrium

   1. levels highest during 14-28th day of cycle, stays high during pregnancy due to hCG

3. stimulated by high LH and FSH

Testosterone :where is this hormones synthesized? what does it do? what stimulates its secretion?

1. testes, Leydig cells

2. male sex characteristics, protein sysnthesis, bone growth, testes descent

3. stimulated by high LH

Angiotensin 2 :where is this hormones synthesized? what does it do? what stimulates its secretion?

1. lungs

2. increases BP, increases ADH, increases aldosterone, thirst, increases Na+ reabsorption, strong vasoconstrictor

3. stimulated by renin

Leptin :where is this hormones synthesized? what does it do? what stimulates its secretion?

1. adipose tissue

2. suppresses appetite role in puberty

3. stimulated by increase in fatty foods

Angiotensin 1 :where is this hormones synthesized? what does it do? what stimulates its secretion?

1. liver

2. increases BP, increases levels of angiotensin 2

3. formed from angiotensinogen

somatomedins (insulin-like growth factors) :where is this hormones synthesized? what does it do? what stimulates its secretion?

1. liver

2. increases growth of bone and muscle (protein synthesis)

3. stimulated by HGH from anterior pituitary

Atrial Natriuretic peptide (ANP) :where is this hormones synthesized? what does it do? what stimulates its secretion?

1. atria heart muscles

2. decreases Na+ in blood, decreases BP

3. stimulated by stretch on right atrium of the heart

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) :where is this hormones synthesized? what does it do? other information?

1. placenta

2. maintains corpus luteum to keep progesterone levels high

   1. high during pregnancy

Relaxin :where is this hormones synthesized? what does it do? what stimulates its secretion?

1. corpus luteum, placenta

2. relax symphysis pubic, dilates cervix

3. high during end of pregnancy

Renin :where is this enzyme synthesized? what does it do? what stimulates its secretion?

1. kidney @ juxtaglomerular apparatus

2. increases blood pressure

3. stimulated by low Na+, low BP in afferent arteriole

Erythropoietin (EPO) :where is this hormones synthesized? what does it do? what stimulates its secretion?

1. kidney and liver

2. increases RBC production

3. secreted in response to hypoxia

   1. sometimes involved with illegal doping in athletes

Calcitriol :where is this hormones synthesized? what does it do? what stimulates its secretion?

1. skin to liver to kidney from vitamin D (activated first in skin by sunlight)

2. increases Ca²⁺⁺ absorption in GI tract

3. stimulated by parathyroid gland

cholecystokinin (CCK) :where is this hormones synthesized? what does it do? what stimulates its secretion?

1. duodenal mucosa

2. increases enzymes in pancreatic juice, gall bladder contractions stop stomach, acts on hypothalamus to suppress appetite

3. stimulated by high fatty chyme and digested protein

Gastrin :where is this hormones synthesized? what does it do? what stimulates its secretion?

1. stomach mucosa

2. causes gastric glands to increase secretory activity

3. stimulated by high food in stomach

Secretin :where is this hormones synthesized? what does it do? what stimulates its secretion?

1. duodenal mucosa

2. increases HCO3- in pancreatic juice, inhibits stomach

3. stimulated by high acidic chyme

Histamine :where is this hormones synthesized? what does it do? what stimulates its secretion?

1. stomach mucosa

2. causes parietal cells to increase HCl

3. stimulated by food in stomach