Biology (Cells)

passive transport

the movement of molecules from an area to higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. doesnt need ATP

active transport

the movement of molecules from an area of low concentration to an area of higher concentration. does need ATP.

photosynthesis equation

carbon dioxide + water —> glucose + oxygen

photosynthesis

process by which plants use carbon dioxide and water in the presence of chlorophyll and sunlight to create glucose and oxygen

Anaerobic respiration

Process that breaks down glucose to produce ATP without oxygen. Happens when there is no oxygen available. occurs in cytoplasm

Anaerobic respiration equation

Glucose —> Lactic acid + 2ATP

Aerobic respiration

Process that uses oxygen to break down glucose and produces ATP, water, and carbon dioxide. occurs in mitochondria and cytoplasm

Aerobic respiration equation

Glucose + Oxygen —> 38ATP + Carbon Dioxide + Water

Anaerobic respiration advantages

Faster, quick production of ATP, doesn’t need oxygen.

Anaerobic respiration disadvantages

Only produces 2 ATP per glucose molecule, lactic acid builds up in animals and causes muscle cramps, only sustained for a short time, toxic to cells

Aerobic respiration advantages

Lots of ATP, can be sustained for long periods of time, no harmful lactic acid buildup

Aerobic respiration disadvantages

Needs oxygen and can’t work without oxygen, takes longer, slower to start

light dependant reaction

Sunlight gets absorbed by the chlorophyll and splits H2O to H+ and O2. Occurs in the thylakoid membrane. Uses: H2O, light, ADP, NADP+. Produces: O2, ATP, NADPH.

light independant reaction

Carbon dioxide goes through a series of chemical reactions to produce energy without light, Uses: CO2, ATP, H+, NADPH Produces: CH2O, Glucose.

Chloroplast

specialized organelle in plant cells that is the site of photosynthesis. 

chloroplast shape and function

it is oval and flattened for efficient transport so the SA:V ratio is high. it is clear so light can pass through thylakoid.

Thylakoids

flattened discs where light dependent reactions take place.

stroma

dense fluid matrix inside a chloroplast

DNA replication

The process of making two identical copies of DNA before cell division. 

why is DNA replication important

So every cell can have the correct and identical genetic information and function.

enzymes

Biological catalysts that speed up reactions without being used in the process.

the stages of interphase

G1, S (synthesis), G2

when does mitosis occur in the cell cycle

mitotic phase

when does DNA replication occur

S phase

dna replication initiation

helicase unzips and unwinds the double helix by breaking hydrogen bonds between the bases. each original strand becomes a template for making a new strand.

dna replication elongation

DNA polymerase reads the DNA template strands and builds new complementary strands. DNA ligase joins the short DNA fragments together on the lagging strand.

dna replication termination

The DNA strands have been copied, and replication finishes. Two identical DNA molecules are produced. Each DNA molecule contains one original strand and one newly synthesised strand.