SCIENCE TERM 1 SUMMATIVE 1

Synthesis (Combination) Reaction

Chemical reaction where two or more simple reactants combine to form a single complex product ($A + B \rightarrow AB$).

Decomposition Reaction

Chemical reaction in which a single compound breaks down into two or more simpler substances ($AB \rightarrow A + B$).

Single Displacement Reaction

Chemical reaction in which an uncombined element replaces another element in a compound ($A + BC \rightarrow AC + B$).

Double Displacement Reaction

Chemical reaction in which cations and anions of two ionic compounds exchange places to form two new compounds ($AB + CD \rightarrow AD + CB$).

Combustion Reaction

Exothermic reaction in which a hydrocarbon reacts rapidly with oxygen gas to yield carbon dioxide and water ($\text{Hydrocarbon} + O_2 \rightarrow CO_2 + H_2O$).

Neutralization Reaction

Reaction between an acid and a base that produces a salt and water ($\text{Acid} + \text{Base} \rightarrow \text{Salt} + H_2O$).

Industrial application of synthesis in fertilizer production

The Haber-Bosch process, which synthesizes ammonia from elemental nitrogen and hydrogen ($N_2 + 3H_2 \rightleftharpoons 2NH_3$).

Medical application of neutralization reactions

Neutralizing excess stomach acid using antacid medications containing bases such as $Mg(OH)_2$ or $Al(OH)_3$.

Practical application of combustion reactions

Burning fossil fuels in internal combustion engines and thermal power plants to generate mechanical work and heat energy.

Photosynthesis

Anabolic biochemical process in plants and algae that uses sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen ($6CO_2 + 6H_2O \rightarrow C_6H_{12}O_6 + 6O_2$).

Cellular Respiration

Catabolic biochemical process in living cells that breaks down glucose in the presence of oxygen to produce ATP, carbon dioxide, and water ($C_6H_{12}O_6 + 6O_2 \rightarrow 6CO_2 + 6H_2O + \text{ATP}$).

Interdependence of photosynthesis and cellular respiration

A biological cycle where the outputs of photosynthesis ($C_6H_{12}O_6$ and $O_2$) serve as the inputs for cellular respiration, and the outputs of cellular respiration ($CO_2$ and $H_2O$) serve as the inputs for photosynthesis.

Metabolism

The total sum of all biochemical reactions taking place within a living organism to maintain life, process energy, and synthesize cellular components.

Anabolism

The metabolic pathway that consumes energy to construct complex cellular macromolecules from simpler precursor molecules.

Catabolism

The metabolic pathway that breaks down complex organic molecules into simpler molecules to release usable chemical energy.